scholarly journals Objectives and approaches in the breeding of perennial legumes for use in temporary pasturelands

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Naydenova ◽  
Ts. Hristova ◽  
Y. Aleksiev
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Grazing Tolerance ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Community Grazing ◽  
Adaptive Ability ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Herbaceous Community

Legumes are the major element of grassland ecosystem, on which the forage quality depends. Breeding of pasture varieties in perennial legumes firstly aims at achieving tolerance and persistence of the legume component in the pasture. In species having low natural grazing tolerance (lucerne and red clover) it is necessary to conduct breeding for biological, morphological and physiological characteristics, directly related to grazing tolerance. In the species having high grazing tolerance (white clover, birds foot trefoil, sainfoin), the pasture persistence is considered as a function of particular morphological characteristics, adaptive potential and stress tolerance. The indirect breeding for pasture persistence includes also breeding for competitive ability and co-adaptivity with grass pasture species adapted to the region and practices of cultivation, as well as breeding for improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation as an important element of the adaptive ability. The breeding for grazing tolerance and persistence is concentrated also on the mechanisms of self-maintenance of the legumes in the pasture - vegetative reproduction, spread and self-seeding. Many breeding programmes are concentrated also on morphology providing better intake by the animals, on main and specific quality characteristics, on anti-nutrient factors, on adaptation to systems and practices of pasture establishment and use. The breeding strategy using germplasm consolidated through the mechanisms of specific adaptation to unfavourable or specific agro-ecological conditions and influences - i.e. breeding through ecotypic selection is considered to be the most efficient for grazing purposes. The interactions in the system: pasture species - companion species in the pasture herbaceous community - grazing animals (kind, category, grazing style and behaviourial reactions) and the applied regime of use of the pasture are direct and strong. These interactions are of essential importance in genotypic differentiation of the pasture ecotypes. The adaptive variability of the pasture ecotypes is used directly, as well as in recombination breeding.

scholarly journals Identification, Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Distribution of Verticillium alfalfae in Alfalfa Plants in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1565-1576
Author(s):  
Shan Xu ◽  
Michael J. Christensen ◽  
Rebecca Creamer ◽  
Yan Zhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Tryptophan Synthase ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Systemic Symptoms ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium alfalfae results in severe production losses in alfalfa crops and is a Class A quarantined disease in China. During 2015 to 2017, 365 alfalfa fields from 21 locations in six provinces were surveyed, and 45 fields from three closely located sites in Gansu, China were found to have alfalfa plants with symptoms typical of Verticillium wilt, with disease incidence of 12.6 to 53.6%. Isolates were identified to species using morphological characteristics and a maximum likelihood phylogeny of the concatenated partial sequences of actin, elongation factor, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and tryptophan synthase gene regions of Verticillium isolates. Isolation incidence was 93.9% from roots, 71.7% from stems, 66.1% from petioles, and 32.2% from leaves of field-infected plants, indicative of systemic disease and sporadic distribution of this pathogen. In greenhouse tests, the pathogen infected seedlings and colonized vascular tissues when inoculated on seeds, on root tips, in soil, or in injured, but not uninjured, aerial tissues, causing systemic symptoms like those in the field and significant losses. Pathogenicity testing also revealed that five locally grown perennial legumes (stylo, milkvetch, sainfoin, white clover, and red clover) could host V. alfalfae, with a high virulence to milkvetch, sainfoin, and stylo. This study confirmed that V. alfalfae has become established in some regions of Gansu, China and that is a risk to the alfalfa industry in China.

scholarly journals Variability of Old Sweet Cherries Found in Slovak Regions and Their Preservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Michaela Benková ◽  
Iveta Čičová ◽  
Daniela Benedikova ◽  
Lubomir Mendel ◽  
Miroslav Glasa
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Prunus Avium L

Abstract The work is focused on the evaluation of variability of morphological and pomological characteristics of several old sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) that were found in different Slovak regions. The experimental work has been performed during two years, 2014 and 2015. The following characteristics according to the descriptor list of subgenus Cerasus were evaluated - period of flowering and ripening, morphological characteristics of the flowers, fruit size, fruit weight, and quality parameters. The results showed high variability of evaluated accessions. From the 13 surveyed localities, the most valuable accessions were found in the locality Hornį Streda - places Čachtice, Krakovany, Nitra, and Brdárka. During the collecting expeditions, 170 accessions of sweet cherry, with fruit of the different quality were found. The most interesting accessions were grafted onto rootstocks with different intensity of growth (Prunus avium L., Prunus mahaleb L., and ‘Gisela5’). Some of the selected cherry accessions can be used for commercial growing after tests, while some of them can be used only for collection of genetic resources and as potential genitors in breeding programmes.

scholarly journals The search for alternative temperate perennial pasture species for low to medium rainfall environments in Tasmania

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
E.J. Hall ◽  
R. Reid ◽  
B. Clark ◽  
R. Dent
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Perennial Legume ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Pasture Plants

In response to the need to find better adapted and more persistent perennial pasture plants for the dryland pastures in the cool-temperate low to medium rainfall (500-700 mm) regions, over 1000 accessions representing 24 species of perennial legumes and 64 species of perennial grasses, were introduced, characterised and evaluated for production and persistence under sheep grazing at sites throughout Tasmania. The work has identified four alternative legume species in Talish Clover (Trifolium tumens). Caucasian Clover (T. ambiguum), Stoloniferous Red Clover (T. pratense var. stoloniferum), Lucerne x Yellow Lucerne Hybrid (Medicago sativa x M.sativa subsp. falcata); and two grass species in Coloured Brome (Bromus coloratus) and Hispanic Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata var hispanica). Keywords: persistence, perennial grass, perennial legume

scholarly journals Breeding strategy in small and closed livestock populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bogdanovic ◽  
R. Djedovic ◽  
P. Perisic ◽  
M.M. Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Effective Size ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
The Family ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Commercial Breeding

This paper reviews the main characteristics of small and/or closed livestock populations. Although the emphasis during the realization of the genetic improvement in animal breeding is put on commercial breeding programmes, autochthonous breeds, races, strains, even herds of domestic animas, at the same time represent a potentially important segment for achieving the maintenance of the overall livestock production. These programmes are particularly important for the improvement of populations of animal genetic resources, as well as for the improvement of production in rural marginal areas. One of the main parameters for determining the size, and also the potential danger of a population is a so called effective size of the population (Ne). This parameter is determined according to the available number of male and female head of breeding stock in the population or in the herd and it varies under the influence of the sexes, changes in the size of the families, changes in the size of the population during time, as well as overlapping of the generations. Apart from the improvement of the economically important traits, the breeding programmes in small populations first of all must provide the increase of the effective size of the population aiming to limit or decrease the inbreeding, as well as the decrease of the variance in the size of the family. This is mainly achieved with so called "circular breeding plans" the sires being replaced by sons in the reproduction, and dams by daughters. The shortage of the generation interval by the change of the presence of some age categories i.e. larger number of young animals and animals that are at the peak of production comparing to a small number of older animals, can additionally influence on the genetic improvement of the traits.

Determining the content of nitrogen and some macroelements in the dry mass of perennial leguminous plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Lakić ◽  
Mirjana Žabić ◽  
Tihomir Predić
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The aim of this study was to determine the content of elements N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the dry mass of perennial fodder legumes, mowed in the optimal growth phase. The experiment with perennial legumes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pretense) and bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) was set up as a random block system in four replicates on valley-brown soil and was conducted for two years. The green mass of perennial legumes in the first and second mowing was harvested at the end of budding/ beginning of flowering phase. In the third and fourth regrowth, mowing of the biomass was done after 5 weeks. Immediately after each mowing, representative sample of green biomass was taken from each replicate of each legume tested. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the dry plant material was determined. The content of nitrogen and potassium in the fodder of alfalfa and red clover was higher in the first year of the study, which was not the case for bird's-foot trefoil. The dry matter of alfalfa on average had the highest content of nitrogen (39.8 g kg-1 DM) and calcium (19.6 g kg-1 DM), bird's-foot trefoil of phosphorus (10.6 g kg-1 DM) and potassium (26.1 g kg-1 DM), and red clover of magnesium (3.7 g kg-1 DM). In the dry mass of bird's-foot trefoil the average content of nitrogen was 39.0 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus 10.6 g kg-1 DM, potassium 26.1 g kg-1 DM, calcium 15.7 g kg-1 DM, and magnesium 3.5 g kg-1 DM.

Niche differentiation between two rhizomatous plant species: Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Grace ◽  
Robert G. Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Morphological characteristics and biomass allocation were examined for two species of Typha in a small pond. Typha latifolia differed from T. angustifolia in having shorter leaf height, wider leaves, greater leaf surface area, greater allocation to leaves, greater number of smaller rhizomes, greater allocation to vegetative reproduction, smaller allocation to sexual reproduction, and fewer number of flowering plants. For both species, those plants growing in deeper water had taller leaves, a greater allocation to leaves, and a decreased allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction. Previous studies of these populations have demonstrated that these two species are segregated according to water depth with T. latifolia being competitively superior in shallow water (less than 15 cm) but T. angustifolia having the potential to grow in deeper water than T. latifolia. Results from this study indicate that T. latifolia is competitively superior in shallow water because of its greater leaf surface area but that T. angustifolia's tall, narrow leaves and large rhizome storage permit it to grow in deeper water than T. latifolia. The greater amount of sexual reproduction in T. angustifolia is correlated with its more restricted distribution and fugitive nature.

Étude de l'influence des réserves azotées dans l'estimation par 15N de la fixation symbiotique d'une plante pérenne, Trifolium pratense

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-994
Author(s):  
Chantal Lescure ◽  
Alain Chalamet
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Dinitrogen Fixation ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Kinetics Of

A 15N dilution technique is proposed to determine the role of nitrogen reserves in the plant on the estimation of dinitrogen fixation, during regrowth of perennial legumes. It is based on labelling of nitrogen compartments of the plant. Since the kinetics of utilization of nitrogen reserves of ryegrass (Lolium italicum L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) appear similar, ryegrass would be a good control plant. Despite this observation, the comparison of two methods (based on two or three sources of nitrogen) to estimate dinitrogen fixation shows the difficulty in applying the technique using 15N-labelled substrate over earlier periods of regrowth. In this case, the 15N method described for determining symbiotic dinitrogen fixation could be applied in controlled conditions.

scholarly journals Application of marker assisted selection for livestock improvement in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
R Khatun ◽  
AA Mintoo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Generation Interval ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Selection Of

Molecular markers usually do not have any biological effect. They are identifiable DNA sequences, found at specific locations of the genome, and transmitted from one generation to the next. Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a novel technique that can complement traditional breeding methods for rapid genetic gains. Genetic gain through selective breeding is the objective of a breeder to achieve long term improvement in animal and plant genomes; however the pace of improvement is inversely proportional to the Generation Interval. Genetic improvement in livestock, particularly those with long generation intervals, requires decades for tangible results. Successful MAS breeding programmes require gene mapping, marker genotyping, quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection, genetic evaluation and finally MAS. Genomic selection is a form of markerassisted selection. Using markers covering the whole genome could mean potentially that all the genetic variance is explained; and the markers are assumed to be in linkage disequilibrium with the QTL so that the number of effects per QTL to be estimated is small. MAS drastically reduces generation interval and increases selection accuracy. Therefore, a breeding strategy based upon markers making the best use of the two approaches can facilitate rapid genetic gain though selection of markers related to economic traits such as milk and meat production. This review is designed to elaborate the technique of MAS and its application in developing countries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v31i1.22837 Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 1, 1-11

scholarly journals Qualitative morphological diversity of female Pelung Chickens in West Java, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
INDRAWATI Y. ASMARA ◽  
DANI GARNIDA ◽  
WIWIN TANWIRIAH ◽  
RUHYAT PARTASASMITA
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Plumage Color ◽  
West Java ◽  
Qualitative Traits ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Singing Ability ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Main Factor

Asmara IY, Garnida D, Tanwiriah W, Partasasmita R. 2019. Qualitative morphological diversity of female Pelung Chickens in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 126-133. Pelung chickens are indigenous chickens in Indonesia derived from Cianjur District, West Java Province. The chickens which are raised as singing chickens have a distinctive body shape compared to other local chickens. Regular contests are conducted as a media to show singing ability and performance including morphological characteristics of Pelung chickens. Pelung keepers believe that the chickens inherited their singing capability from their parents. Pelung keepers perceived qualitative traits for example plumage color as an indicator of a good female breed. The objective of this study was to determine the qualitative traits of female Pelung Chickens in West Java. This study recorded comb type, color of eye, beak, skin, plumage and shank including traditional name related to the morphological traits. A survey was conducted to gather data involving 160 chickens in four districts in West Java Province, including Cianjur, Sukabumi, Bandung, and Garut Districts. The results showed that adult female Pelung chickens have similar qualitative characteristics except for plumage color. The majority of pelung chickens in Bandung, Garut, and Sukabumi have black plumage, while in Cianjur District have yellow-brown color. The chicken contest seems to be the main factor dictating keepers’ preferences in terms of plumage color in Bandung, Garut and Sukabumi Districts. This study indicates a decreasing variation in plumage color of female Pelung chickens. These findings are important in terms of breeding strategy of Pelung chickens.

scholarly journals Genetic variability in morpho-agronomic traits of various accessions of Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Maruf Olaide YEKEEN ◽  
Hafsoh Olajumoke SHAIB-RAHIM ◽  
Joy OLABODE
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Breeding Strategy ◽  
Vigna Subterranea ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Number Of Leaves

<p><em>Vigna subterranea </em>is an indigenous African legume widely cultivated across the continent. It is a highly diverse crop exhibiting diversity in morpho-agronomic characteristics. This genetic diversity is also crucial for crop improvement as it determines which breeding strategy/ methodology to utilize in its improvement. The study evaluated the diversity in morpho-agronomic characteristics of different accessions of Bambara groundnut. ‘TVSu596’ exhibited the highest germination percentage (100 %) and shortest days to 50 % flowering (40 days) while ‘TVSu11’ had the highest number of leaves (146). Qualitative evaluation revealed the diversity existing in their morphological characteristics. Elemental analysis showed the accessions are rich in mineral elements and exhibit diversity. Principal component analysis revealed 83.37 % of total variations in morphological and yield traits by the first three principal axes. Traits such as number of leaves, petiole length, and days to 50 % flowering furnish most of the variations. Cluster analysis revealed the accessions clustered into 4 groups. These accessions are therefore recommended for utilization in development of improved cultivars or early-maturing varieties<em>.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document