scholarly journals Distribution of moulds and mycotoxins in maize grain silage in the trench silo

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
T. Petrovic ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Maize Grain

In this study the mycological and mycotoxicological contamination of maize silage samples collected from the bottom (BL), middle (ML) and top (TL) layer in the silage trench silo was studied. Mycological testing of the silage contamination showed the presence of five potential toxigenic fungi of the genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium and Rhizopus with their total number ranging from 1 to 10 x 103 CFU g-1. Also, four mycotoxins were detected as followed, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Mycotoxins AFB1 and FB1 were detected as 100% positive in all the samples tested. An average concentration of AFB1 was 2.31 ?g kg-1, 2.51 ?g kg-1 and 2.81 ?g kg-1 in BL, ML and TL respectively, while the concentration of FB1 was 1292.00 ?g kg-1, 1298.00 ?g kg-1 and 1902.00 ?g kg-1 in BL, TL and ML respectively. Average concentration of toxin ZON in positive samples was 15.69 ?g kg-1 in BL and 30.68 ?g kg-1 in ML, while its presence in the samples taken from the top layer was not detected. An average concentration of DON toxin in positive samples were in the range of 41.71 ?g kg-1 for TL, 79.20 ?g kg-1 for ML, while it was 97.00 ?g kg-1 for BL. There was no statistically significant correlation between moisture content and total number of moulds and concentrations of certain mycotoxins. However, statistically highly significant correlations between the total number of moulds and AFB1 concentration (r = 1.0), ZON (r = 0.99) and FB1 (r = 0.91) were established, while weak correlation was obtained in the case of DON and total mould counts (r = 0.54).

scholarly journals Moulds and mycotoxins in stored maize grains

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
T. Petrovic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Predominant Species

In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 ?g kg-1, 71.79 ?g kg-1, 128.17 ?g kg-1, and 1610.83 ?g kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58).

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in maize silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Glamočić ◽  
Miroslava Polovinski Horvatović ◽  
Igor Jajić ◽  
Saša Krstović ◽  
Darko Guljaš
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Two Samples

Abstract Silage made from the whole-plant maize is one of the most popular forages in Serbia. Consumption of maize silage by cows can be up to 30-35 kg/day. In Serbia in the few last years in the focus of the public and agriculture community were two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 due to the outbreak of contaminated maize which affected the Balkans in 2012. Maize is regularly checked on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, however forages are often neglected as a potential source of mycotoxins in the nutrition of dairy cattle. In this work, 48 samples of maize silage were analyzed for the occurrence of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Samples were collected from three regions (Bačka, Banat and Srem) in Vojvodina. In all samples, at least one mycotoxin above the limit of quantification was measured. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 36 (75%) samples. In two samples from Banat, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 exceeded the maximum level (ML) set by Serbian regulation (30 µg/kg at moisture content of 12%). In seven samples, the concentration of aflatoxin B1 was above 20 µg/kg which is the EU regulated ML. Average concentration of ochratoxin A was 10.4 µg/kg, while the maximum measured value was 34.3 µg/kg. Maximum zearalenone content in all samples was 538 µg/kg while the average zearalenone concentration was 138 µg/kg. The results from this research point out that mycotoxin contaminated silage in the region of Vojvodina, Serbia can significantly contribute to daily intake of aflatoxin B1 in dairy cattle.

scholarly journals Molds and mycotoxins in freshly harvested maize

2013 ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Jelena Levic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
Milos Lukic
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Predominant Species

Incidence of toxigenic fungi (molds) and concentration of mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and fumonisin (FB1) were studied in the maize grains collected immediately after harvesting in 2012. A total of 29 maize samples were analyzed and the highest incidence was determined for fungal species of Rhizopus (56.41%), Aspergillus (43.66%) and Fusarium (14.97%) genera. Significantly lower incidence was obtained for species of genus Penicillium (3.31%), and especially for species of genera Acremonium (1.38%), Alternaria (0.75%) and Cladosporium (0.14%). Among toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (36.69%) was the most common species of As?pergillus genus, whereas the Fusarium verticillioides with 14.69% of incidence was the predominant species of Fusarium genus. In all studied maize samples, the presence of AFB1, ZON and FB1 mycotoxins was established, except for DON which was established in 75.86% samples. AFB1 was detected in average concentration of 13.95 ?g kg-1 for 44.83% of samples, and average concentration higher than 40 ?g kg-1 for 55.17% of samples. The average concentrations of DON which was detected was 235 ?g kg-1, while it was 98.38 ?g kg-1 and 3590 ?g kg-1 for the presence of ZON and FB1, respectively. Moderate positive correla?tion was obtained between concentrations of AFB1 and FB1 (r=0.35), while weak positive correlation was established between concentrations ZON and DON (r=0.02).

Analysis of the moisture content of maize kernels in over-ripe plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-430
Author(s):  
T. Árendás ◽  
L. C. Marton ◽  
P. Bónis ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Maize Grain Yield ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Kernels

The effect of varying weather conditions on the moisture content of the maize grain yield was investigated in Martonvásár, Hungary from late August to late September, and from the 3rd third of September to the 1st third of Novemberbetween 1999 and 2002. In every year a close positive correlation (P=0.1%) could be observed between the moisture content in late September and the rate of drying down in October. Linear regression was used each year to determine the equilibrium moisture content, to which the moisture content of kernels returned if they contained less than this quantity of water in late September and harvesting was delayed. In the experimental years this value ranged from 15.24-19.01%.

scholarly journals Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Jonas Vandicke ◽  
Katrien De Visschere ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Siska Croubels ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Stable Phase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Feed Analysis ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Silage Process

Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016–2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.

In vitro studies of the effects of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 on trypsin-like and collagenase-like activity from the hepatopancreas of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Aquaculture ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 250 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Burgos-Hernández ◽  
Sergio I. Farias ◽  
Wilfrido Torres-Arreola ◽  
Josafat M. Ezquerra-Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
White Shrimp

Maize grain moisture content correction: From nonstandard to standard system

2021 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 212-222
Author(s):  
Shang Gao ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Lu-lu Li ◽  
Rui-zhi Xie ◽  
Ke-ru Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Standard System ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Maize Grain

Corn silage as a source of aflatoxin B1 in feed for dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 2759-2764
Author(s):  
DRAGAN GLAMOČIĆ ◽  
MIROSLAVA POLOVINSKI HORVATOVIĆ ◽  
IGOR JAJIĆ ◽  
SAŠA KRSTOVIĆ ◽  
MIRKO IVKOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Corn Grain

Nutrition of dairy cattle is based on two components, concentrates and forages. The main forages in Vojvodina, north province of Serbia is silage made from the whole plant of corn. After the outbreak of aflatoxin B1 in corn in 2012, the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in corn as a source of contamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk was very broadly investigated. There is no data regarding the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in silage and how much silage can contribute to the overall intake of aflatoxin B1 in this region. This work is an attempt to estimate how much silage, in condition and practice used in Vojvodina, contributes to the intake of aflatoxin B1, and consequently aflatoxin M1 in milk. In total, 82 samples of corn grain and 72 samples of corn silage were analyzed on the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 during 2017-2018 period. Aflatoxin B1 was found in 13.41% of corn samples in the range from 6.82 to 187.5 ppb (average 63.5 ppb). All positive samples were from 2017, while no positive samples were found during 2018. Incidence of aflatoxin B1 in silage was 54.17% in the range of 3.5-58.0 ppb (12% moisture content) or 0.95-16.1 ppb in the fresh matter. Results suggest that silage can be a significant factor to overall intake of aflatoxin B1 and that further research is needed.

Effectiveness of hermetic technologies in limiting aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 contamination of stored maize grain under smallholder conditions in Zimbabwe

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Murashiki ◽  
C. Chidewe ◽  
M.A. Benhura ◽  
L.R. Manema ◽  
B.M. Mvumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Competitive Elisa ◽  
Hermetic Storage ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Aflatoxin B

There is limited empirical evidence on the efficacy of hermetic storage containers in reducing mycotoxin occurrence in stored maize grain under smallholder field conditions. Levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize samples collected from hermetic metal silos (148), hermetic grain bags (121) and conventional stores (179) during 2015 and 2016 storage seasons in two rural districts of Zimbabwe were assessed. AFB1 was determined using high performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatisation and fluorescence detection, whilst FB1 was determined using direct competitive ELISA. All maize samples collected at harvest in 2015 and 2016 seasons contained FB1 at levels ranging from 10 to 462 μg/kg and 13 to 537 μg/kg, respectively. Use of hermetic containers did not seem to have any effect on the development of FB1 in stored maize grain, as there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the increase of FB1 contamination in hermetic and conventional stores. Prior to storage, the levels of AFB1 in the maize ranged from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) to 25.0 μg/kg, whilst levels during storage ranged from <LOQ to 8.60 μg/kg in hermetic silos, <LOQ to 8.37 μg/kg in hermetic bags and <LOQ to 791 μg/kg in conventional stores over the two storage seasons. The occurrence of AFB1 in maize stored in hermetic containers, was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in conventional stores. Hermetic containers were more effective than conventional stores in limiting contamination of maize with AFB1 and subsequent human exposure to these toxins. Therefore, hermetic storage containers are recommended to smallholder maize producers for safe and effective limitation of AFB1 contamination during storage and hence reduce exposure among consumers.

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