scholarly journals The influence of long term sound stress on histological structure of broiler’s adrenal glands

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1613-1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Zikic ◽  
G. Uscebrka ◽  
D. Gledic ◽  
M. Lazarevic ◽  
S. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Fire Alarm ◽  
Interrenal Cells

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of different sound stress duration on adrenal gland of broiler chickens of different age. The experiments were conducted on 90 HYBRO broiler chickens, divided into nine groups (each group consisting of 10 birds) by different age and lenght of sound stress duration. The chickens were exposed to sound stress in sound attenuated building using a fire alarm bell (95 dB) for stress sessions lasted 120 min every day. The histological structure of adrenal gland was analyzed by light microscopy. The results indicate that adrenal gland is sensitive on this kind of stress and sound as stressor could introduce organism in stress reaction. Adrenal glands of broilers exposed to sound stress characterized by marked hyperemia, hypertrophy of interrenal cells, smaller affinity for staining of chromaffin cells compared with control groups. According to our results, degree of histological changes of adrenal gland under the influence of sound stress depends on the length of exposure and age of chickens.

scholarly journals The influence of long term sound stress on histological structure of immune organs in broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragan Zikic ◽  
Gordana Uscebrka ◽  
Dusan Gledic ◽  
Miodrag Lazarevic
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Immune Organs

The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different duration sound stress on immune organs of broiler chickens of different age. Nine groups, with 10 chickens in each group were included in experiment. The histological structure of bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were analyzed. The results indicated that the bursa of Fabricius, in relation to the other examined organs, was the most sensitive to this kind of stress. Histological changes of spleen and thymus were also observed, but less prominent except in chickens after more than 30 days of exposure to stress. According to our results, degree of histological changes of immune organs under the influence of sound stress depends on the length of exposure and age of chickens.

scholarly journals Cytology of the Pituitary Gonadotrophs, Histological Characteristics of Interrenal and Chromaffin Cells in Relation to Testicular Activities in Mystus Vittatus (Siluriformes, Bagridae) During Growth, Maturation and Spawning Phases

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
M. Banerjee ◽  
S. Ghosh ◽  
P. Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Mystus Vittatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Tsh Cells ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Abstract The histological changes observed in the pituitary corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, adrenocortical tissues and testicular cells in M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) have been studies during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The studies based on the changes observed in the cell types, shape and size of the cells of the adrenocortical tissues, testes and the overall percentage of gonadotroph (GTH) and thyrotroph (TSH) cells of the pituitary. However, during growth phase, in proximal pars distalis (PPD) the considerable increment of GTH and TSH have been observed having intense aniline blue stain. The corticotrophs (ACTH) also showed significant accumulation of fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal cells were well coincident with the increase of different spermatogenic cells. During the maturation phase dense granulation in the GTH and TSH cells appeared to be concomitant with the spermiation. The amount of cytoplasmic granules of the interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells and was well coincidence with the increase of spermatids and spermatozoa. The hyperactive and vacuolated features of the interrenal cells during spawning phase appeared to be concomitant with the final process of spermiation.

Effects of transplantation on mouse adrenal chromaffin cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jousselin-Hosaja
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Dense Cores ◽  
Morphometric Methods ◽  
Adrenal Chromaffin ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The effects of long-term transplantation on the ultrastructure of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells from the adrenal medulla were determined using morphometric methods. Mouse adrenal medulla were freed from the adrenal cortex and grafted into the occipital cortex of the brain. Two types of chromaffin cells were identified by electron microscopy in grafts fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Noradrenaline-type cells were predominant and formed 70–80% of the surviving population of grafted chromaffin cells. A minority of the chromaffin cells contained medium-sized granules (140–210 nm in diameter) (medium granule cell; MGC) with finely granular moderately electron dense cores. Morphometric analysis of noradrenaline phenotype cells and MGC cells in transplants showed no significant differences compared with the noradrenaline-storing cells of normal adrenal glands. In contrast, noradrenaline-type cells and MGC cells in the grafts had areas of secretory vesicles which were significantly (P<0·01) larger and areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum which were significantly (P<0 ·01) smaller than those of the adrenaline-storing cells of normal adrenal glands. It was concluded that long-term transplantation caused no degenerative changes in the ultrastructure of mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Endocr. (1988) 116, 149–153

scholarly journals Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and their receptors: distribution and involvement in the secretion of Podarcis sicula adrenal gland

2007 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Valiante ◽  
Marina Prisco ◽  
Rosaria Sciarrillo ◽  
Maria De Falco ◽  
Anna Capaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Podarcis Sicula ◽  
Adrenal Cell ◽  
Adrenal Cells ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are regulatory neuropeptides of the hypothalamus–hypophyseal–adrenal axis, acting via the common receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2 and the selective PACAP receptor PAC1. In the adrenal glands of the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis sicula, the presence of VIP in chromaffin cells, and the VIP-stimulated release of catecholamine and aldosterone in vivo, was previously shown. To examine the localization of both peptides and receptors and their mRNAs in the adrenal gland of P. sicula, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed: PACAP and its mRNA were detected in chromaffin cells, VPAC1 was found associated with steroidogenic tissue, VPAC2 and PAC1 with chromaffin tissue. Using ‘far western blot’ technique, we showed the presence of specific binding sites for VIP/PACAP in the adrenal glands of the lizard. The effects of both VIP and PACAP on the adrenal cells of the lizard were examined in vitro in adrenal cell co-cultures: both VIP and PACAP enhanced catecholamine, corticosterone and aldosterone release from adrenal cell co-culture in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The catecholamine release was inhibited by PAC1 antagonist and in VPAC2 immunoneutralized adrenal cells. The effects of VIP and PACAP on aldosterone secretion were counteracted by VPAC1 antagonist administration in vitro. Corticosterone secretion elicited by VIP was not blocked by VPAC1 antagonist, while the PACAP-induced release of corticosterone was blocked by the antagonist. Overall, our investigations indicate that these neuropeptides of the secretin superfamily can act not only as neurotransmitters but also as autocrine and paracrine regulators on chromaffin and cortical cells, being important mediators of the non-cholinergic system in the lizard adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Adaptive morphogenesis of the adrenal glands of ducks in conditions of hyperthermia

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (2) ◽  
pp. 022014
Author(s):  
E Plakhotniuk ◽  
T Skobelskaya ◽  
V Lemeshchenko ◽  
E Kuevda ◽  
N Saenko
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Blood Capillaries ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuolization ◽  
Interrenal Cells

Abstract It was found that under conditions of hyperthermia, morphofunctional changes develop in the interrenal part of the adrenal glands, indicating an increase in the functional activity of the gland. The study of ducks on the 5th day of hyperthermia revealed loosening and thickening of the adrenal gland capsule compared to the control. Significant hemodynamic disorders were noted: the phenomena of stasis and erythrocyte sludge in sharply expanded blood capillaries of the adrenal glands. It was found that on the 10th day of hyperthermia, hemodynamic disorders are progressive: the phenomena of sludge and red blood cell stasis are less pronounced, but parenchymal edema and a sharp expansion of sinusoid capillaries persist. Changes in interrenal cells (their high prismatic shape, cytoplasmic vacuolization, apical granularity) are also determined to characterize the high secretory activity of endocrinocytes. The found changes indicate the development of a stress reaction.

scholarly journals Differentiated approach to surgical treatment of adrenal glands tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
О.B. Kutovyi ◽  
E.V. Zhmurenko
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Results Of Treatment

Objective – to improve the results of treatment of adrenal tumors by optimizing a differentiated approach based on the analysis of the results of various surgical invasions. The paper analyzed the results of treatment of 145 patients with various adrenal tumors, which were divided into 2 groups: І (n=71) - patients after adrenalectomies, II (n=74) – after adrenal resections. Organ-preserving invasions showed better results during the early and long-term postoperative period in patients with corticosteromas, pheochromocytomas and incidentalomas by reducing the severity of fluctuations in hemodynamic parameters and the frequency of adrenal insufficiency. Due to the introduction of the treatment algorithm, the number of adrenal resections increased by 26.6% in patients with neoplasms more than 4,0 cm in diameter (p=0.0001). The choice of surgical invasion should be individualized, taking into account the clinical features of the disease, hormone indicator parameters, the size of tumors, the comprehensiveness of the adrenal gland lesion and the ratio of the latter to nearby organs and structures. Adrenal insufficiency was detected 14.2% more often after adrenalectomies (р=0.044) compared to adrenal resections. Treatment according to the developed algorithm reduced the incidence of adrenal insufficiency by 5.8% (p=0.028). In the long-term postoperative period, contralateral gland tumors occurred with the same frequency (4.8%) among patients after adrenalectomies and resections. Relapse of the neoplasm after resections was detected in 3 (7.1%), as a result of which 2.4% underwent repeated operations with the final removal of the gland. An increase in the size of a single adrenal gland was more common by 21.4% after adrenalectomies.

Melatonin Elicits Stimulatory Action on the Adrenal Gland of Soay Ram: Morphometrical, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1173-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa M. Mokhtar ◽  
Manal T. Hussein ◽  
Ahmed H. S. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Stimulatory Action

AbstractEndogenous melatonin is a hormone secreted by pineal gland; it has several roles in metabolism, reproduction, and remarkable antioxidant properties. Studies on the melatonin effect on the adrenal glands which are important endocrine organs, controlling essential physiological functions, are still deficient. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effect of exogenous melatonin treatment on the adrenal cortex and medulla using several approaches. Adrenal glands of 15 Soay ram were examined to detect the effect of melatonin treatment. Our results revealed that the cells of adrenal cortex of the treated animals were separated by wide and numerous blood sinusoids and showed signs of increase steroidogenic activity, which are evidenced by functional hypertrophy with increase profiles of mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets. The most striking ultrastructural features in the medulla of the treated group were the engorgement of chromaffin cells with enlarged secretory granules enclosed within a significantly increased diameter of these cells. The cytoplasm of these cells showed numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and glycogen granules. Exocytosis of secretory granules to the lumen of blood vessels was evident in the treated group. Piecemeal degranulation mode of secretion was recorded after melatonin treatment. Chromaffin cells in the control group expressed moderate immunoreactivity to Synaptophysin and tyrosine hydroxylase, compared with intensified expression after melatonin treatment. The ganglion cells of the melatonin-treated group showed a significant increase in diameter with numerous rER. The most interesting feature in this study is the presence of small granule chromaffin cells (SGC) and telocytes (TCs) for the first time in the adrenal glands of sheep. Moreover, these SGC cells, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and progenitor stem cells showed a stimulatory response. The TCs were small branched cells scattered in the adrenal glands around cortical cells, chromaffin cells, nerve fibers, and blood vessels. These cells increased significantly in number, length of their telopodes, and secretory activity after melatonin treatment. In addition, multiple profiles of unmyelinated nerve fibers were demonstrated in all treated specimens. These results indicated that melatonin treatment caused a stimulatory action on all cellular and neuronal elements of the adrenal gland. This study may act as a new direction for treatment of adrenal insufficiency.

scholarly journals Histology and ultrastructure of the adrenal gland of the greater cane rats (Thryonomis swinderianus, Temminck 1827)

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 873-883
Author(s):  
Casmir Onwuaso Igbokwe
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Present Observation ◽  
Cortical Cells

The adrenal glands of domesticated greater cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus), were studied using histological and ultrastructural techniques. A total of seven (7) adult male greater cane rats, aged from 10-14 months, with an average weight of 1.89 kg (range: 1.6 -2.2 kg) were used in this study. The results showed variations in the thickness of the zones of the cortex and medulla. Histological detail did not differ significantly from that of other rodents. Ultrastructural features showed typical adrenal gland zonation with capsule, cortical cells and medulla. In the cortex copious lipid droplets and myelin bodies were present. The cortical cells of the zona fasciculata contained concentric whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum that enclosed2-3 mitochondria. Adrenaline storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (NA) chromaffin cells along with few vesicular ganglion cells were identified in the medulla. The functional significance of the present observation is discussed.Keywords: adrenal gland, cane rats, histology, ultrastructure

Fusion and Fission Processes in Exocytosis: Possible Roles for Synexin and Osmotic Lysis in the Two Events

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
H.B. Pollard ◽  
C.E. Creutz ◽  
C.J. Pazoles ◽  
J.H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Exocytosis is a general concept describing secretion of enzymes, hormones and transmitters that are otherwise sequestered in intracellular granules. Chemical evidence for this concept was first gathered from studies on chromaffin cells in perfused adrenal glands, in which it was found that granule contents, including both large protein and small molecules such as adrenaline and ATP, were released together while the granule membrane was retained in the cell. A number of exhaustive reviews of this early work have been published and are summarized in Reference 1. The critical experiments demonstrating the importance of extracellular calcium for exocytosis per se were also first performed in this system (2,3), further indicating the substantial service given by chromaffin cells to those interested in secretory phenomena over the years.

Theoretical and Methodological Problems of a 10-Year Follow-Up Program Evaluation Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt A. Heller ◽  
Ralph Reimann
Keyword(s):  
Program Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Partial Inclusion ◽  
Methodological Problems

Summary In this paper, conceptual and methodological problems of school program evaluation are discussed. The data were collected in conjunction with a 10 year cross-sectional/longitudinal investigation with partial inclusion of control groups. The experiences and conclusions resulting from this long-term study are revealing not only from the vantage point of the scientific evaluation of new scholastic models, but are also valuable for program evaluation studies in general, particularly in the field of gifted education.

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