scholarly journals The transmission and spreading routes of Aujeszky′s disease in swine population

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 867-874
Author(s):  
J. Prodanov-Radulovic ◽  
R. Dosen ◽  
I. Pusic ◽  
I. Stojanov ◽  
D. Lupulovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Trade Control

Aujeszky?s disease (MA) is an infectious viral disease, caused by suid alpha herpes virus 1, which displays a very broad host range, except humans and primates. Pigs are the only animal species that can survive the infection with the MA virus, which accounts for its ability to be latently infected. Although pigs are considered a natural host and the main reservoar of the virus, the spreading and transmission mechanism cannot be always detected. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the routes of transmission and spread of MA virus in the swine population with different immunological stutus i.e. depending on the vaccinal status. The material for this research consisted of the samples from four swine farms, with health disorders i.e. clinical signs suggesting MA disease. The applied research methods included: epidemiological and clinical evaluation, pathomorphological examination, virology testing of tissues originating from the dead animals and serological testing in order to evaluate the specific antibodies against MA. The obtained results indicate that purchasing breeding animals with different or unknown health status regarding MA, represents the main route of transmission and spreading of the infection. Besides vaccination, which represents one of the measure in MA eradication, it is necessary to apply strict trade control and checking the health status of herds from where breeding animals are purchased.

A rapid method for the direct identification of paramyxovirus in canine CSF by ultracentrifugation and negative staining as a rule out for distemper

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
W.L. Steffens ◽  
M.B. Ard ◽  
C.E. Greene ◽  
A. Jaggy
Keyword(s):  
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Rule Out

Canine distemper is a multisystemic contagious viral disease having a worldwide distribution, a high mortality rate, and significant central neurologic system (CNS) complications. In its systemic manifestations, it is often presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and history. Few definitive antemortem diagnostic tests exist, and most are limited to the detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence techniques on tissues or cytologic specimens or high immunoglobulin levels in CSF (cerebrospinal fluid). Diagnosis of CNS distemper is often unreliable due to the relatively low cell count in CSF (<50 cells/μl) and the binding of blocking immunoglobulins in CSF to cell surfaces. A more reliable and definitive test might be possible utilizing direct morphologic detection of the etiologic agent. Distemper is the canine equivalent of human measles, in that both involve a closely related member of the Paramyxoviridae, both produce mucosal inflammation, and may produce CNS complications. In humans, diagnosis of measles-induced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is through negative stain identification of whole or incomplete viral particles in patient CSF.

scholarly journals Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Maria Luisa Menandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

scholarly journals ArmA Methyltransferase in a Monophasic Salmonella enterica Isolate from Food

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 5262-5266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie A. Granier ◽  
Laura Hidalgo ◽  
Alvaro San Millan ◽  
Jose Antonio Escudero ◽  
Belen Gutierrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACTThe 16S rRNA methyltransferase ArmA is a worldwide emerging determinant that confers high-level resistance to most clinically relevant aminoglycosides. We report here the identification and characterization of a multidrug-resistantSalmonella entericasubspecies I.4,12:i:− isolate recovered from chicken meat sampled in a supermarket on February 2009 in La Reunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean. Susceptibility testing showed an unusually high-level resistance to gentamicin, as well as to ampicillin, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA methyltransferases revealed presence of thearmAgene, together withblaTEM-1,blaCMY-2, andblaCTX-M-3. All of these genes could be transferreden blocthrough conjugation intoEscherichia coliat a frequency of 10−5CFU/donor. Replicon typing and S1 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that thearmAgene was borne on an ∼150-kb broad-host-range IncP plasmid, pB1010. To elucidate howarmAhad integrated in pB1010, a PCR mapping strategy was developed for Tn1548, the genetic platform forarmA.The gene was embedded in a Tn1548-like structure, albeit with a deletion of the macrolide resistance genes, and an IS26was inserted within themelgene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ArmA methyltransferase in food, showing a novel route of transmission for this resistance determinant. Further surveillance in food-borne bacteria will be crucial to determine the role of food in the spread of 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes worldwide.

Circadian clock precision, health, and longevity

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
D. G. Gubin ◽  
◽  
S. N. Kolomeichuk ◽  
D. Weinert ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Phenotypic Trait ◽  
Precision Health ◽  
Lower Morbidity

An accurate circadian clock, associated with the precise intrinsic period, tau, can be linked with a definite chronotype and health status. Exemplified by different animal species, and, as we argue herein, may as well be in humans, endogenous tau close enough to 24 hours is associated with higher life expectancy, lower morbidity, and is possibly adhered to moderate morning chronotype. Accurate circadian tau facilitates maintaining a high amplitude of circadian rhythms, a phenotypic trait that is related to health and longevity. Some genetic factors that coordinate tau and ensure circadian clock precision is considered.

scholarly journals The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Lo Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Specific Protocol ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, and the etiological agent of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). This infection spreads mainly through direct contact with Flügge micro droplets or core droplets that remain suspended as aerosol. Moreover, it has been reported that infected subjects, both with and without clinical signs of COVID-19, can transmit the virus. Since the infection typically enters through mouth, nose, and eyes, dentistry is one of the medical practices at highest risk of infection due to the frequent production of aerosol and the constant presence of saliva. The World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested that only emergency/urgent procedures should be performed during the coronavirus outbreak. Considering the virus’ route of transmission, a specific protocol should be applied to reduce the risk of infection in addition to measures that prevent the spread of infection from a patient to another person or medical tools and equipment (cross-infection). This protocol should be implemented by modifying both patient management and clinical practice, introducing particular devices and organizational practices. This paper aims to discuss and suggest the most appropriate procedures in every aspect of dental practice to reduce infection risk.

scholarly journals Hemato-Biochemical studies on Egyptian Buffaloes and Calves naturally infected with Foot and Mouth Disease Virus serotype SAT 2

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Essam A Mahmoud ◽  
Ahmed N.F Neamat-allah
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cardiac Markers ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Infected Adult ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of all cloven footed domestic and wild animals. This work was planned to study the different markers for diagnosis of FMDV serotype Sat2 in adult buffaloes and calves including clinical, hematological and biochemical examinations. A total number of sixty animals were divided into four groups. The first group was apparently healthy adult buffaloes, while the second was naturally infected adult buffaloes, a third group was apparently healthy suckling calves and finally the fourth group was naturally infected suckling calves. The recorded clinical signs were fever, salivation, loss of appetite, depression, lameness, blisters or vesicles, erosions and ulcers in the mucosa of the mouth, tongue, lips, gums, pharynx, palate and between the claws. Anemia, leucopenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia were recorded in infected adult buffaloes and calves. Myocardial injury proved by presence of degenerated myocardial fibers and lymphocyte cell infiltration with a significant increase in cardiac markers like cardiac torponin I, CPK and LDH in addition to a significant hyperkalemia, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesemia in buffaloe calves. Moreover, electrophoresis showed hyoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglobulinemia in infected animals. It could be concluded that the elevation of cardiac markers emphasized that FMD is more severe in young calves than adult animals. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the prognosis of FMD infection in calves by these markers.

scholarly journals Beak and feather disease virus haemagglutinating activity using erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots : research communication

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kondiah ◽  
J. Albertyn ◽  
R.R. Bragg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Haemagglutinating Activity ◽  
Feather Disease Virus ◽  
Positive Results

Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds characterized by symmetric feather loss and beak deformities. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), is a small, circular single-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Circovirus. BFDV can be detected by PCR or the use of haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays that detect antigen and antibodies respectively. Erythrocytes from a limited number of psittacine species of Australian origin can be used in these tests. In South Africa, the high cost of these birds makes them difficult to obtain for experimental purposes. Investigation into the use of erythrocytes from African Grey parrots and Brown-headed parrots yielded positive results showing the haemagglutinating activity of their erythrocytes with purified BFDV obtained from confirmed clinical cases of the disease. The HA activity was further confirmed by the demonstration of HI using BFDV antiserum from three different African Grey parrots previously exposed to the virus and not showing clinical signs of the disease.

scholarly journals An update on safety studies of SAD B19 rabies virus vaccine in target and non-target species

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. VOS ◽  
A. NEUBERT ◽  
O. AYLAN ◽  
P. SCHUSTER ◽  
E. POMMERENING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Safety Studies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Observation Period

SAD B19 is an attenuated vaccine virus for oral vaccination of carnivores against rabies. The safety of SAD B19 was investigated in 16 animal species by different routes of administration. During the observation period all animals given the vaccine virus, irrespective of the route of administration, did not show any clinical signs of rabies, with the exception of certain rodent species. In these animals a low residual pathogenicity was observed, however transmission of the vaccine virus to control animals was not demonstrable. No vaccine virus could be detected in the saliva of the six mammal species examined. Furthermore, the genetical stability was shown for SAD B19 through passaging in neural tissue of dogs, foxes and mice. From the results presented here on innocuity and stability, it can be concluded that SAD B19 rabies vaccine is suitable for oral vaccination campaigns for carnivores against rabies.

scholarly journals Isolation and pathotyping of Newcastle disease virus isolated from birds in Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayakumar K ◽  
Vijayakumar K ◽  
Vijayakumar K ◽  
Vijayakumar K ◽  
Vijayakumar K
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Death Time

Newcastle disease (ND) is a pandemic viral disease of poultry. It is highly contagious and causes high morbidity and mortality in affected flocks. The disease is caused by Avian orthoavulavirus 1, commonly known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus affects almost 241 species of birds. Based on the pathogenicity, the virus is classified into five pathotypes viz., viscerotropic velogenic, neurotropic velogenic, mesogenic, lentogenic and asymptomatic enteric NDV. The severity of the disease varies with the viral pathotype. Isolation and identification along with pathotyping of the virus provides a basis for understanding the type of virus circulating in the region. In the present study, tissue samples from dead/ ailing birds showing lesions/clinical signs suggestive of ND were collected. They were subjected to virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and identified by haemagglutination test and confirmed by haemagglutination inhibition test. Eight NDV isolates were obtained out of 55 tissue samples and were classified into pathotypes by intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT). The ICPI values varied from 0.75 to 1.53 and MDT from 54 h. to 79.2 h. Out of eight isolates, three belonged to velogenic group and five were of mesogenic pathotype. The study revealed the circulation of virulent NDV in Kerala. The pathogenicity tests provide a basis for understanding the epidemiology of ND.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Clinical Presentation of Chikungunya Virus Infection among Febrile Outpatients Seeking Health Care in Mzuzu City, Malawi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flywell Kawonga ◽  
Gerald Misinzo ◽  
Dylo Pemba ◽  
Leonard Mboera ◽  
Isaac Thom Shawa
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igm Antibodies

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV. We conducted this study determine the seroprevalence and clinical presentation of Chikungunya infection among outpatients seeking healthcare in Mzuzu City, Malawi. Blood samples were collected from malaria negative and non-septic febrile outpatients with fevers &ge;38 &deg;C, for not more than 5 days. The enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used to detect anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies and its results were used to determine seroprevalence of Chikungunya. A total of 119 serum samples were tested, of these, 73 (61.3%) tested positive for anti-CHIKV IgM antibodies by ELISA. Laboratory requisition forms were used to capture demographic information such as age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms presented by the enrolled patients. Age groups of 1-9, 10- 19, 20- 29, 30- 39, 40- 49, and &ge;50 years had 17.8% (n= 13), 12.3 %,( n=9), 15.1%) (n=11), 19.2%; (n=14), 17.8% (n=13) and 17.8% (n=13) proportion of seroprevalence respectively. Most of the CHIKV infected individuals presented with fever (52.05%), joint pain (45.21%) and abdominal pain (42.67%). The presence of anti- CHIKV IgM antibodies suggest the presence of recent CHIKV infection and therefore accurate laboratory assays are highly recommended for CHIKV diagnosis and appropriate management of febrile patients.

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