scholarly journals Prevalence of cryptosporidial infection in piglets with clinical signs of enterophaty

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 229-235
Author(s):  
I. Pavlovic ◽  
M. Zutic ◽  
V. Ivetic ◽  
B. Savic ◽  
O. Radanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Clinical Infection ◽  
Weaned Pig ◽  
Cryptosporidial Infection

In our examination cryptosporidial infections were detected in the 12,84% (69/537) of examined pigs. Organisms were found in the microvillus brush in the ileum, jejunum rarely in colon. The fact that 78% of those infected were 11-12 weeks old would suggest that there was a strong possibility of sub clinical infection in the weaned pig. All of cryptosporidia infected pigs had diarrhea but 32% of these had other primary diarrheagenic agents which also suggested that diarrhea in farm breeding pigs is a multifactor problem and cryptosporidia may act in concert with other agents to induce of exacerbate the clinical disease.

scholarly journals The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of European Turtle Doves, Streptopelia turtur

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER E. STOCKDALE ◽  
JENNY C. DUNN ◽  
SIMON J. GOODMAN ◽  
ANTONY J. MORRIS ◽  
DANAË K. SHEEHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Clinical Infection ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Trichomonas Gallinae ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Nestling Mortality

SUMMARYStudies incorporating the ecology of clinical and sub-clinical disease in wild populations of conservation concern are rare. Here we examine sub-clinical infection by Trichomonas gallinae in a declining population of free-living European Turtle Doves and suggest caseous lesions cause mortality in adults and nestlings through subsequent starvation and/or suffocation. We found a 100% infection rate by T. gallinae in adult and nestling Turtle Doves (n = 25) and observed clinical signs in three adults and four nestlings (28%). Adults with clinical signs displayed no differences in any skeletal measures of size but had a mean 3·7% reduction in wing length, with no overlap compared to those without clinical signs. We also identified T. gallinae as the suggested cause of mortality in one Red-legged Partridge although disease presentation was different. A minimum of four strains of T. gallinae, characterized at the ITS/5·8S/ITS2 ribosomal region, were isolated from Turtle Doves. However, all birds with clinical signs (Turtle Doves and the Red-legged Partridge) carried a single strain of T. gallinae, suggesting that parasite spill over between Columbidae and Galliformes is a possibility that should be further investigated. Overall, we highlight the importance of monitoring populations for sub-clinical infection rather than just clinical disease.

scholarly journals Treatment of Experimental Allergic Neuritis With Prednisolone

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.E. Feasby ◽  
J.J. Gilbert ◽  
A.F. Hahn ◽  
D.S. Lovgren
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Experimental Allergic Neuritis ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Lewis Rats ◽  
Experimental Allergic ◽  
Allergic Neuritis

Abstract:Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats was treated with prednisolone given prophylactically or therapeutically. Rats treated from the time of immunization with myelin or after the establishment of clinical disease improved more rapidly than controls. Treatment at the onset of clinical signs resulted in less severe disease and more rapid recovery. Rats treated just prior to the onset of clinical signs (day 10) did not develop significant clinical disease and appeared to have less inflammation in their nerves and nerve roots on microscopic examination.

scholarly journals Cytokine Gene Expression in Response to SnSAG1 in Horses with Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 644-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Spencer ◽  
Patricia Deinnocentes ◽  
Edith M. Moyana ◽  
Anthony J. Guarino ◽  
Siobhan E. Ellison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic syndrome seen in horses from the Americas and is mainly caused by Sarcocystis neurona. Recently, a 29-kDa surface antigen from S. neurona merozoites was identified as being highly immunodominant on a Western blot. This antigen has been sequenced and cloned, and the expressed protein has been named SnSAG1. In a previous study, cell-mediated immune responses to SnSAG1 were shown to be statistically significantly reduced in horses with EPM in comparison to EPM-negative control horses. It therefore appears as though the parasite is able to induce immunosuppression towards parasite-derived antigens as parasite-specific responses are decreased. Isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from 21 EPM (cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] Western blot)-negative horses with no clinical signs and 21 horses with clinical signs of EPM (CSF Western blot positive) were cocultured with SnSAG1 for 48 and 72 h, and the effect on cytokine production was investigated by means of reverse transcriptase PCR. Cytokines assayed include gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-6. β-Actin was used as the housekeeping gene. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test of the findings indicated that there was a statistically significant decrease in IFN-γ production after 48 h in culture for samples from horses with clinical disease. There was also a statistically significant increase in IL-4 production after 72 h in culture for samples from horses with EPM. These results further support the notion that this parasite is able to subvert the immune system in horses with clinical disease.

Nursing Disease in Mink: Clinical and Postmortem Findings

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Schneider ◽  
D. B. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Renal Tubular Epithelium ◽  
Renal Tubular

One hundred fifty lactating mink on one ranch in southern Ontario were monitored over the lactation period in 1989 for evidence of clinical disease, and serial blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Antemortem blood samples were collected and necropsies performed on the 17 females that developed nursing disease and on 17 controls matched to the same stage of lactation and on ten nonlactating controls. Twenty-two additional nursing disease cases were selected from seven ranches in the following year and processed similarly. The clinical signs typically observed in affected females were sudden onset lethargy and anorexia followed by dehydration, ataxia, and a reluctance to move. The major clinical-pathologic findings were a marked increase in serum osmolality and total protein, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, glucose, and potassium concentrations and a decrease in sodium and chloride concentration. In addition, the animals were acidotic, there was a reduction in the urine specific gravity, and the hemogram was consistent with a stress response. Emaciation and dehydration were the only pathologic changes consistently present in cases of nursing discase and not in controls. In almost all cases, bacteria were not cultured from the liver, spleen, and mammary gland, but Campylobacter jejuni was cultured from the intestinal contents of 15/17 affected mink and 2/5 controls. Aleutian disease virus antibody was not present in any of the affected mink, Lipid vacuoles in hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelium, hypertrophy of cells in the adrenal cortex, and pulmonary congestion and atelectasis were present in both diseased females and controls, as were various sporadic inflammatory lesions. Nursing disease may result from energy depletion due to lactation. All lactating females are affected by this process: clinical disease reflects the terminal physiologic decompensation of the most susceptible individuals.

scholarly journals Associations of Streptococcus suisSerotype 2 Ribotype Profiles with Clinical Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Rasmussen ◽  
F. M. Aarestrup ◽  
N. E. Jensen ◽  
S. E. Jorsal
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Streptococcus Suis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics

A total of 122 Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains were characterized thoroughly by comparing clinical and pathological observations, ribotype profiles, and antimicrobial resistance. Twenty-one different ribotype profiles were found and compared by cluster analysis, resulting in the identification of three ribotype clusters. A total of 58% of all strains investigated were of two ribotypes belonging to different ribotype clusters. A remarkable relationship existed between the observed ribotype profiles and the clinical-pathological observations because strains of one of the two dominant ribotypes were almost exclusively isolated from pigs with meningitis, while strains of the other dominant ribotype were never associated with meningitis. This second ribotype was isolated only from pigs with pneumonia, endocarditis, pericarditis, or septicemia. Cluster analysis revealed that strains belonging to the same ribotype cluster as one of the dominant ribotypes came from pigs that showed clinical signs similar to those of pigs infected with strains with the respective dominant ribotype profiles. Furthermore, strains belonging to different ribotype clusters had totally different patterns of resistance to antibiotics because strains isolated from pigs with meningitis were resistant to sulfamethazoxazole and strains isolated from pigs with pneumonia, endocarditis, pericarditis, or septicemia were resistant to tetracycline.

Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Spore Concentration ◽  
Large Size ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Deschutes River

<EM>ABSTRACT. </EM>Laboratory challenges to determine the susceptibility of indigenous Deschutes River, Oregon, salmonids to <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>were conducted as part of a study to assess the risk of reintroducing anadromous salmon above a migration barrier on that river. Replicate groups of progeny from wild rainbow trout <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>, steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout), kokanee <em>O. nerka</em>, and chinook salmon <em>O. tshawytscha</em>, were exposed to doses of 0, 200, or 2,000 triactinomyxons per fish. Fish were evaluated at 5 months postchallenge for spore concentration in the cranial cartilage, severity of microscopic lesions in the cartilage, and clinical signs of disease. The wild rainbow trout (0.7 g at exposure) were most susceptible to infection, with infection prevalence and spore concentrations similar to those of a susceptible (Mt. Lassen) control rainbow trout strain (0.7 g at exposure), although clinical disease signs were less common in the wild strain. Two year classes of steelhead, exposed at different sizes (0.3 g and 1.0 g), both showed fewer clinical disease signs, a lower prevalence of infection, a lower spore concentration, and a decreased mean lesion score, compared with the control rainbow trout (0.6 g and 1.2 g). Kokanee (1.5 g at exposure) became infected but less severely than the control rainbow trout (1.8 g at exposure). Clinical signs were not evident in the kokanee or the susceptible rainbow trout, possibly because of the large size at exposure. No signs of infection were detected in the chinook salmon (1.0 g at exposure) at either dose, despite high infection prevalence in the control rainbow trout (0.6 g at exposure). These results demonstrate that the indigenous salmonids present in the Deschutes River, both above and below the barrier, are susceptible to infection, but the rainbow trout would be most at risk should introduction of the parasite occur in this system.

scholarly journals Detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in specimens from cattle in South Africa and possible association with clinical disease

2004 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kabongo ◽  
M. Van Vuuren
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
National Park ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus

Studies covering all aspects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) have been conducted in several countries in Europe, Asia and America. In southern Africa, more information is required about the nature of BVDV infection, the prevalence of different strains and the economic importance of the disease. The presence of BVDV in southern Africa has been known since the early 1970s through serological surveys but few reports confirming its presence by virus isolation and correlation with clinical disease are available. Specimens (n = 312) collected in 1998/99, from live and dead cattle from different farming systems, were obtained from private practitioners, feedlot consultants and abattoirs throughout the country. Specimens (n=37) from African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park were also included. All specimens were processed for virus isolation in cell culture with confirmation by means of immunofluorescent antibody tests and some also by means of an antigen capture ELISA. BVDV was isolated from 15 (4.7 %) cattle and were all noncytopathic biotypes. BVDV was not detected in 37 lymph nodes obtained from buffaloes in the Kruger National Park. Of the clinical signs in cattle from which virus were isolated, respiratory signs was the most frequent (10/15), followed by diarrhoea (5/15). Abortion, congenital malformations, haemorrhagic diarrhoea and poor growth were also included as criteria for selection of animals for specimen collection, but no BVD viruses were isolated from cattle manifesting these clinical signs.

scholarly journals Prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie in Great Britain: integrating multiple sources of surveillance data for 2002

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (28) ◽  
pp. 1343-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gubbins
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Scrapie ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Multiple Sources

Estimates for the prevalence of sheep infected with classical scrapie are essential for assessing the efficacy of control strategies that have been implemented in Great Britain (GB). Here a back-calculation approach was used to estimate the prevalence in the GB national flock by integrating data on reported cases and the results of abattoir and fallen stock surveys for 2002. Prevalence estimates ranged from 0.33 to 2.06%, depending on the estimates used for the frequencies of prion protein (PrP) genotypes in the national flock and the stage of incubation at which the diagnostic tests used are able to detect infected animals. The risk of infection was found to be higher than that of clinical disease, especially in those PrP genotypes that have a later age at onset of clinical disease. Moreover, results suggest that a high proportion (more than 55%) of infected animals surviving to disease onset die on farm before clinical signs become apparent, which helps account for the high observed prevalence in the fallen stock compared with the abattoir survey. The analyses indicated that attention needs to be given to identifying the stage of incubation at which diagnostic tests are able to detect infected animals and obtaining better demographic data for the GB national flock.

scholarly journals Chlamydial Infection of the Gastric Mucosa in Twelve Cats

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Hargis ◽  
D. J. Prieur ◽  
E. T. Gaillard
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
Commercial Breeding ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Twelve cats, all from research or commercial breeding colonies, had unidentified, intracellular organisms in the gastric mucosa. Histochemical staining and ultrastructural features provided the basis for identification of the organism as a Chlamydia sp. Ultrastructural observations were restricted to one of the 12 infected cats. There was no consistent association of gastric chlamydial infection and clinical disease. The infection was present in apparently healthy cats as well as those with a variety of clinical signs and lesions, especially weight loss of undetermined origin. None of the cats with gastric chlamydial infection had lesions compatible with feline pneumonitis. The significance of gastric chlamydial infection has yet to be established.

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