scholarly journals The characteristic of control day milk and its properties in ewes from different breeds in Bulgaria

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-2) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
E. Raicheva ◽  
Т. Ivanova ◽  
E. Kipriotis ◽  
E. Kistanova
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Milk Samples

The aim was the investigation the milk and its composition for control day in local sheep breeds. The experiment was carried out with 19 Karakachan ewes and 21 West Balkan Mountain ewes from the flock of IAS-Kostinbrod and 15 Local Sofia ewes from a private flock from village Klisura. The study is a part of Bulgarian-Greece project for research of F1- crosses of Chios breed. The experimental ewes were mothers of F1 Chios? crosses. The milk for day was recorded on first control during milking period. The content of milk - fats, proteins, non fat solid, dry matter and density were estimated by individual milk samples by analyzer "Ekomilk". The average milk yield for control day of ewes from Karakachan, West Balkan Mountain and Local Sofia breeds was 0,344 l, 0,421 l and 0,633 l respectively. The content of fat, protein and total solids in milk of Karakachan ewes was - 5,91%, 5,19% and 16,42% respectively, of West Balkan Mountain ewes - 6,41%, 5,10% and 16,67% and of Sofia local ewes - 6,35%, 5,94% and 17,57%.

A COMPARISON OF EQUAL-SIZED VERSUS PROPORTIONAL-SIZED EVENING AND MORNING MILK SAMPLES ON FAT, PROTEIN AND TOTAL SOLIDS TESTS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-809
Author(s):  
O. R. IRVINE ◽  
D. R. McKNIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Morning Milk

Averages of 11 Holsteins for fat, protein and total solids were calculated from equal-sized night and morning samples and compared to those weighted proportionally to the night’s and morning’s milk yield. The former were significantly higher in the case of fat and total solids, but not for protein.

scholarly journals Changes in Milk Yield and Quality During Lactation in Polish Red and White-Backed Cows Included in the Genetic Resources Conservation Programme in Comparison with the Simmental Breed

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Litwińczuk ◽  
Joanna Barłowska ◽  
Alicja Matwijczuk ◽  
Jan Słomiany
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Resources Conservation

AbstractMilk yield and quality was assessed in cows raised on low-input farms (traditional feeding), i.e. two breeds covered by genetic resources conservation (RP and BG) and the SM breed. The reference group was PHF HO cows from an intensive milk production system (PMR feeding). A total of 1,212 milk samples were collected from three periods of lactation: I (up to 120 days), II (121–200) and II (over 200). The milk was analysed for content of fat, protein, casein, lactose, dry matter, non-fat dry matter and the protein-to-fat ratio, coagulation time, heat stability and the percentage of fat globules in different size ranges. Fatty acid profile and cholesterol content were determined in a representative number of 180 milk samples. Daily yield in the native breeds in the third phase of lactation was 9.6 and 8.7 kg, which was slightly over 55% of their yield in phase I, compared to 66% in the SM and 73.4% in the reference group (PHF HO). The increase in fat and protein (including casein) in the milk during lactation was much higher in the native breeds, so its energy value in phase II of lactation was 11% higher in the BG cows and 9% higher in RP, but only 4% higher in the SM with regard to phase I of lactation. The milk fat from the Polish Red cows had the highest proportion of PUFA in each phase of lactation, including CLA, and the highest PUFA/SFA ratio. Over the course of lactation the percentage of large fat globules in the milk decreased, particularly in the native breeds (P≤0.01), while in the SM the differences were much smaller and statistically insignificant. Lactation persistency in both native breeds raised in a low-input system was worse than in the SM, but the increase in basic components during lactation was markedly higher, while that of cholesterol was lower.

scholarly journals Dry period length in Montbéliarde cows and its association with selected production and functional characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Januś ◽  
D. Borkowska
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Period Length ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

Abstract. The study evaluated the effects of selected factors (dry period number, milk yield in standard lactation and length of full lactation) on the length of dry periods. The effect of dry period length on milk yield and composition, the frequency of milk samples with different somatic cell counts (SCC) and the course of lactation were also analysed. The study included 491 cycles (dry period and lactation) and 4 998 results of test-day milking conducted in a herd of 230 Montbéliarde cows. The cows were kept in a free-stall barn and fed total mixed rations (TMR). The average length of the dry period was found to be 85 days. The first dry period was 34-45 days longer than subsequent ones, which may have been due to the cows becoming acclimated after having been brought to the farm as in calf heifers. Increasing milk yield in standard lactation was accompanied by significantly shorter dry periods. The most beneficial dry periods in terms of milk yield were those lasting 22-41 days. The lowest yield was noted in lactations preceded by a dry period reduced to 0-21 days. However, this milk contained the most fat, protein and dry matter and the SCC did not exceed 400 000 cells/ml in 73.3 % of cases. The decrease in daily milk yield from its peak in the 2nd month to the 10th month after calving was smallest in cows with dry periods of 57-84 days, which may suggest that lactations in these cows were the most persistent.

scholarly journals The comparison of the lactation and milk yield and composition of selected breeds of sheep and goats

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Ferro ◽  
L. O. Tedeschi ◽  
A. S. Atzori
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
The World

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the milk yield (MY) and milk composition of relevant sheep and goat breeds raised around the world to be used with nutrition models for diet formulation and nutrient balancing. A 2-step approach was used. First, a database developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used to identify relevant breeds (i.e., frequently raised) by comparing the occurrence of transboundary breed names across countries. We selected transboundary breeds that occurred more than 3 times and other relevant breeds obtained from the specialized literature that had milk production information (e.g., MY, days in milk, and milk fat, protein, and lactose). The majority of sheep breeds were classified as nondairy (76%) because they lacked milk production information. Karakul and Merino accounted for up to 2.4% of sheep breeds raised around the world, whereas the other individual breeds accounted for less than 1%. In contrast, nondairy breeds of goats accounted for 46.3% and of the remaining 53.7%, Saanen, Boer, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg, and Alpine accounted for 6.5, 5, 4.4, 4, and 3%, respectively, of the transboundary breeds. Second, a database compiled from published studies for the selected sheep (n = 65) and goats (n = 78) breeds were analyzed using a random coefficients model (studies and treatments within studies as random effects). For sheep breeds, the average and SD were 1.1 ± 0.3 kg/d for MY, 6.9 ± 1% for milk fat, 5.4 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 5 ± 0.3% for milk lactose, 17.7 ± 1.4% for milk total solids, and 1,073 ± 91 kcal/kg of milk energy. Lacaune had the greatest MY compared to Comisana and Tsigai (1.65 versus 0.83 and 0.62 kg/d; respectively, P < 0.05), but milk components were not different among breeds. For goats breeds, the average and SD across breeds were 1.7 ± 0.6 kg/d for MY, 4.2 ± 0.9% for milk fat, 3.3 ± 0.4% for milk protein, 4.4 ± 0.4% for milk lactose, 12.7 ± 1.1% for milk total solids, and 750 ± 75 kcal/kg of milk energy. Alpine had similar MY to Saanen (2.66 versus 2.55 kg/d, respectively; P > 0.05), but greater (P < 0.05) than other breeds. The Boer breed had the greatest milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids than several other breeds, leading to the greatest milk energy content (907 kcal/kg). Because there are many factors that can alter MY and milk composition, averages provided in this study serve as guidelines, and nutritionists must obtain observed values when using nutrition models.

The influence of dietary protein intake during lactation on the reproductive performance of sows

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. I. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

SUMMARY1. Forty-five Large White gilts were given 2·20 kg daily of a diet containing 14·0% crude protein during three successive pregnancies. During a 6-week lactation they received 5·30 kg daily of one of three diets containing 19·0% (HP), 16·5% (MP) or 14·0% (LP) crude protein.2. Daily milk yield was estimated on the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th day of lactation. Milk samples were obtained from the same sows for the determination of protein, fat, lactose and total solids on the 11th, 21st, 31st and 41st day.3. One sow and litter from each treatment in each lactation was placed in metabolism cages during lactation and estimates of nitrogen and dry matter excretion obtained.4. As the concentration of protein in the diet decreased the average 42-day gain in litter weight from birth increased significantly in the first lactation. This trend continued in the second lactation although it was not significant but did not appear in the third.5. There was no marked difference in daily milk yield between treatment groups.6. There was a significantly greater loss of live weight by the sows on the lower levels of protein in the first lactation. These differences were not significant in the second and third lactations.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of lactation performance of West African dwarf and red sokoto goats raised in a hot-humid environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-205
Author(s):  
F. O. Ahamefule ◽  
N. J. Ekanem ◽  
U. U. Uka ◽  
K. Ikwunze
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
West African ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Lactation Stage

The milk yield and compositions of twelve lactating does comprising six each of West African Dwarf (Fouta djallon) and Red Sokoto (Maradi) were compared in a 21-week study. The does in their second parity were monitored over a full lactation. The goats received daily basal grass and browse fodder in addition to a concentrate supplement in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. The does were hand milked and milk yield (g/d) was quantified daily. Milk samples were analyzed weekly for total solids (TS %), butter fat (BF %), solids-not-fat (SNF %), crude protein (CP %) and total ash (TA %). Lactose concentration (LC %) was analyzed daily immediately after sampling. Macro-minerals in milk samples were determined by dry ash extraction method specific for each mineral element. Milk yield was influenced significantly (p<0.05) by both breed and stage of lactation. The WAD produced more milk (97.34 g/d than RS (87.01 g/d). For both breeds, the average mid lactation milk yield (119.04 g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) different than either early (88.35 g/d) or late (69.14 g/d). The highest milk production was by WAD does in mid lactation (125.10 g/d) and the least was by RS in late lactation (47.07 g/d). The TS, BF, SNF, CP and LC concentrations in milk were not influenced (P>0.05) by breed. The TA was significantly (P<0.05) higher in WAD milk (0.89 %) relative to RS milk (0.88 %). Also, stage of lactation significantly (P<0.05) influenced the concentrations of TS, BF, TA and LC in WAD and RS goats milk. Total solids was significantly (P<0.05) higher in late (13.47 %) than in early (12.53 %) lactation for both breeds. The BF and LC in milk followed similar trend, recording 4.45, 3.89 and 4.13 and 3.98 % in late and early stages of lactation respectively. On the other hand, The TA decreased with advancing lactation and the highest value was obtained in the early (0.92 %) than in mid (0.89 %) and late (0.86 %) lactation in both WAD and RS goat milk. TA was highest in WAD milk in early lactation (0.92 %) and least in RS milk in late lactation (0.85 %). All macro minerals were influenced (p<0.05) by lactation stage and breed differences, except potassium (K) and sodium (Na) which were only influenced by the stage of lactation. The milk of both WAD and RS goats yielded more calcium (Ca) than K, which was attributed to the nutrients in the diets.

Effects of sodium fertilizers and supplements on milk production and mammary gland health

2000 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLIVE J. C. PHILLIPS ◽  
PAUL C. CHIY ◽  
DAVID R. ARNEY ◽  
OLAV KÄRT
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
High Level

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium fertilizers and supplements on the milk production and mammary health of dairy cows. In Expt 1, where sodium fertilizer was applied to productive pastures consisting mainly of the natrophile perennial rye-grass, the herbage sodium content and the milk yield of cows was increased and milk somatic cell count (SCC) reduced. In Expt 2, which used pastures containing less productive, natrophobic grasses and broad-leaved plants in Estonia, sodium fertilizer did not increase herbage sodium content and did not affect milk production or composition. In Expt 3 the sodium content of the diet of individually tethered cows was increased from 1 to either 6 or 11 g/kg dry matter (DM) by adding salt to their restricted feed allowance, and the cows' milk yield was increased by the high level of sodium supplement and milk SCC were reduced by both levels of sodium supplement. The calcium and magnesium status of cows was improved by the sodium supplement. In Expt 4 a low level of supplementary salt was included in the ration of tethered cows to increase the sodium content of the diet from 2 to 3·6 g/kg DM. No effects on milk yield or SCC were found, but the sodium supplement reduced Staphylococcus aureus contamination of the milk, but not the proportion of milk samples infected with Escherichia coli. It was concluded that the optimum dietary sodium concentration for maximum milk yield was greater than the published requirements, and that substantial increases in sodium intake above current requirements also reduced milk SCC.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixed Invasions of Hypoderma bovis and Ostertagia ostertagi in Cattle on Milk Yield and Contents in Polish Dairy Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wiszniewska-Łaszczych ◽  
Beata Wysok ◽  
Joanna Wojtacka ◽  
Marta Sołtysiuk
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Ostertagia Ostertagi ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Hypoderma Bovis

Wide distribution of ecto- and endoparasites in cattle is a serious problem in the sustainability of a farm, due to the negative impact on animals’ health and productivity. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies against Ostertagia and Hypoderma in udder milk samples and the comparison of milk yield and content of the basic components of milk in ELISA-positive and ELISA-negative cows. Milk samples were collected from 148 lactating cows from 3 herds. Antibody detection was performed using specific ELISAs for Ostertagia ostertagi and Hypoderma bovis. Milk yield and content of protein, fat, and dry matter were studied in samples from each individual cow 11 times per year at 4 week intervals. The extensiveness of dual parasitic invasions in individual herds, estimated on the basis of udder milk testing with the ELISA test, varied and amounted to 3.22%, 11.36%, and 4.76% in the three studied herds, respectively. No antibodies were found in 61.2%, 22.7%, and 57.1% of the milk samples from the cows in each herd. The milk yield of ELISA-positive cows was significantly lower in comparison to the efficiency of ELISA-negative cows and amounted to 294 kg and even to 3672 kg of milk per year, per cow. No significant differences were found between the fat and protein contents of milk between ELISA-positive and -negative cows for both parasites.

Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Mordak ◽  
Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽  
Robert Kupczyński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

scholarly journals Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of milk samples as a tool to estimate energy balance, energy- and dry matter intake in lactating dairy cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amira Rachah ◽  
Olav Reksen ◽  
Nils Kristian Afseth ◽  
Valeria Tafintseva ◽  
Sabine Ferneborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
External Test ◽  
Body Energy

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of milk samples to predict body energy status and related traits (energy balance (EB), dry matter intake (DMI) and efficient energy intake (EEI)) in lactating dairy cows. The data included 2371 milk samples from 63 Norwegian Red dairy cows collected during the first 105 days in milk (DIM). To predict the body energy status traits, calibration models were developed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Calibration models were established using split-sample (leave-one cow-out) cross-validation approach and validated using an external test set. The PLSR method was implemented using just the FTIR spectra or using the FTIR together with milk yield (MY) or concentrate intake (CONCTR) as predictors of traits. Analyses were conducted for the entire first 105 DIM and separately for the two lactation periods: 5 ≤ DIM ≤ 55 and 55 < DIM ≤ 105. To test the models, an external validation using an independent test set was performed. Predictions depending on the parity (1st, 2nd and 3rd-to 6th parities) in early lactation were also investigated. Accuracy of prediction (r) for both cross-validation and external test set was defined as the correlation between the predicted and observed values for body energy status traits. Analyzing FTIR in combination with MY by PLSR, resulted in relatively high r-values to estimate EB (r = 0.63), DMI (r = 0.83), EEI (r = 0.84) using an external validation. Only moderate correlations between FTIR spectra and traits like EB, EEI and dry matter intake (DMI) have so far been published. Our hypothesis was that improvements in the FTIR predictions of EB, EEI and DMI can be obtained by (1) stratification into different stages of lactations and different parities, or (2) by adding additional information on milking and feeding traits. Stratification of the lactation stages improved predictions compared with the analyses including all data 5 ≤ DIM ≤105. The accuracy was improved if additional data (MY or CONCTR) were included in the prediction model. Furthermore, stratification into parity groups, improved the predictions of body energy status. Our results show that FTIR spectral data combined with MY or CONCTR can be used to obtain improved estimation of body energy status compared to only using the FTIR spectra in Norwegian Red dairy cattle. The best prediction results were achieved using FTIR spectra together with MY for early lactation. The results obtained in the study suggest that the modeling approach used in this paper can be considered as a viable method for predicting an individual cow's energy status.

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