scholarly journals Anatomical-physiological basis of reproduction of domestic animals

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Tatjana Smiljakovic ◽  
M.M. Petrovic ◽  
V. Poleksic ◽  
H. Alm ◽  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Sex Cells ◽  
Sex Cycle

Knowledge about forming of sex cells, fertilization and pregnancy is basis for biotechnological effect on reproduction. Beside artificial insemination which is regularly used in practice in Serbia, embryo transfer is method which will probably have wide application, since it enables good performances of male heads and improvement with genetic material of selected female heads. Method is especially useful in selection and breeding of cattle and horses, since in previous agricultural practice, number of offspring from single female head was relatively small. At the beginning it is important to study traits of ovaries in all stages of sex cycle and isolate egg cells which could mature in vitro conditions, in adequate medium until in vitro fertilization and transfer into recipient mother.

scholarly journals Study of the morphology of ovary and cytology of oocyte as basis for establishing methods IVM, IVF and embryo transfer

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 243-252
Author(s):  
T. Smiljakovic ◽  
V. Poleksic ◽  
M.M. Petrovic ◽  
S. Pejcic ◽  
S. Trenkovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
High Production ◽  
Sex Cycle

In three types of domestic animals: cattle, pigs and sheep, morphology of ovary was studied. Results such as differences in shape, size within and between species, number of follicles in maturation, changes in sex cycle, connection of follicles in maturation are presented in figures. By method of aspiration, oocytes were isolated from ovaries and their cytology analyzed as the first step in methods of in vitro maturation (IVM), followed by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. These methods are wide spread in modern livestock production (cattle, horses) since they have many advantages of which the most important is to obtain more offspring from high quality female heads. Method has disadvantage: potential diminishing of biodiversity, therefore special attention is necessary in order not to endanger biodiversity and still get more offspring with high production abilities and traits. IVM, IVF and embryo transfer represent new approach to selection, fast and with similar effect like in conventional artificial insemination, therefore they should be applied in practice also in our country.

scholarly journals Features of the preparation of biological material for genome editing in cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (12) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
A. Barkova ◽  
M. Modorov ◽  
G. Isaeva ◽  
A. Krivonogova
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Donor Material ◽  
Material Transportation

Abstract. To carry out genome editing in cattle, an effective and well-functioning system for obtaining gametes, fertilizing eggs and their cryopreservation is necessary. Aim of the work: review and research of present-day existing methods of obtaining, insemination and cryopreservation of donor material, in order to provide genome editing in cows. Methods and materials. The work is completed according to the theme No. 0532-2019-0001 “Development of complex technology of marker-based genome selection of agricultural animals” within State Order of Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The analysis of open scientific literature on the issues of in vitro fertilization in animals, cryopreservation of oocytes and embryons, sperm preparation and methods of insemination of cows’ oocytes, and cryopreservation of oocytes and embryons of animals is done. Features of the preparation of biological material of cattle for genome editing by microinjection into ooplasm are described. Results of research and duscussion. At present time there are two ways to obtain donor material from cattle: from live animals and taking ovaries after slaughtering cows. Material transportation is carried out at a temperature of 30–37 °C depending on the distance to the laboratory and expected time period of transportation. Oocyte-cumulus complexes can be removed by ovarian dissection and aspiration of visible follicles. In both cases, immature eggs are predominantly obtained. Subsequent ripening is carried out in vitro using special media in a CO2 incubator. The culture medium for oocyte maturation should contain hormones that mimic the peak of LH (luteinizing hormone), which occurs in vivo during the maturation of oocytes before ovulation. To accumulate a certain number of eggs at the stage of MII, it is recommended to carry out their cryopreservation by the method of vitrification, having previously released the oocyte from the cumulus cells. After thawing, oocytes need to be incubated for 2–3 hours 38.5 °C in 5–6.5% CO2 to restore the spindle. In order to make editing more effective, the introduction of genetic material is recommended to be carried out in parallel with the fertilization method “icsi”. In humans, mice and rabbits, an injection of sperm into the cytoplasm is sufficient to activate the oocyte, however, in cattle, just micro-injection of the sperm is not enough and often the male pronucleus does not form. To solve the problem, various methods are used, including freezing-thawing of sperm, resulting in damage of a membrane, or addition of heparin-glutathione into the medium that increases decondensation of the sperm DNA.

The Genetics of Secrecy in Adoption, Artificial Insemination, and In Vitro Fertilization

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Ann T. Lamport
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Birth Parents ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Uniform Law

AbstractIn light of the significant role that heredity plays in many disease processes, statutes requiring strict secrecy with regard to medical records in cases of adoption, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization should be reassessed. In adoption cases, attitudes concerning the adoptee’s ancestry have progressed over the century, but adoptees still are unable to access their records. The problem of inaccessibility is also apparent in medical genetics clinics where valuable genetic information, necessary for an accurate diagnosis, is unavailable to the clinic, the adoptive parents, and the birth parents.A uniform law which responds to these interests and problems should be promulgated. This Note discusses the need for better access to and availability of medical records. The Note proposes a Uniform Act and suggests that, at a minimum, it include a scheme for regulating the donation of genetic material, strong record-keeping requirements with respect to family histories and pedigrees, and finally, an open access provision for certain information for both children and parents.

scholarly journals 213EFFECTS OF TIME OF MATURATION AND SHEEP SERUM ON IN VITRO FERTILIZATION IN THE ENDANGERED ELD'S DEER (CERVUS ELDI THAMIN) OOCYTES

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
B. Siriaroonrat ◽  
P. Comizzoli ◽  
N. Songsasen ◽  
R.E. Spindler ◽  
S.L. Monfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Oviduct Fluid

The Eld’s deer, native to Southeast Asia, is threatened with extinction. Although artificial insemination is effective for offspring production, in vitro fertilization (IVF) would be more useful for rapidly disseminating genetic material from valuable founders. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine if oocytes recovered from exogenous gonadotropin-treated hinds require additional in vitro maturation;; and 2) assess if fertilization is enhanced by supplementing Deer Synthetic Oviduct Fluid (DSOF;; Berg DK et al., 2003 Theriogenology 59, 189–205) with 1-day postestrus sheep serum (SS). Estrous cycles in Eld’s deer hinds (n=10) were synchronized with PGF2α analog (Lutalyse™, 500mg), followed by a 14-day intravaginal CIDR-G insertion;; ovine FSH (Ovagen™; 0.05 unit×8 injections) was administered at 12-h intervals beginning 84h before CIDR-removal. COCs (n=160) were retrieved laparoscopically 40–46h post-CIDR-removal and either fixed or matured in vitro (for 12h v. 24h) in TCM-199 (Earle’s salt) supplemented with 0.33mM pyruvate, 2mM glutamine, 100IUmL−1 penicillin, 100μgmL−1 streptomycin, 10% fetal calf serum, 5μgmL−1 FSH and LH and 1μgmL−1 E2 (5% CO2, 38.5°C). After 12- or 24-h IVM, cumulus cells were partially removed and oocytes (n=110) fertilized in DSOF with pooled frozen-thawed sperm (3 males;; 2×106 motile sperm mL−1), in the absence or presence of SS (20%, v/v). Additional oocytes (n=18) were used for parthenogenetic control. At 20-h postinsemination, presumptive zygotes were fixed and stained (Hoechst 33342) to assess fertilization success (presence of two pronuclei). Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Overall, 16.0±2.6 (mean±SEM) COCs were recovered/female. The majority of COCs were of excellent quality (grade I; 67.7±3.8%). At time of aspiration, 85% of the oocytes (n=11/13) were in metaphase I stage, 7.5% in telophase and 7.5% degenerate. No parthenogenic activation was observed. Likewise, no polyspermy was observed in any treatment. Fertilization was higher (P<0.05) in oocytes matured for 24h and fertilized in the absence (64.4±3.1%) compared to presence (26.9±11.2%) of SS. In the absence of SS, a higher (P<0.05) proportion of oocytes were fertilized after 24h (64.4±3.1%) compared to 12h (27.1±9.0%) IVM. There was no effect (P>0.05) of SS on fertilization among oocytes subjected to 12-h IVM (27.1±9.0% v. 12.5±9.5%). When SS was present during fertilization, no difference (P>0.05) was observed among oocytes matured for 12 or 24h. Results demonstrate that: 1) Eld’s deer oocytes require an additional 24-h IVM to complete maturation;; 2) DSOF supports sperm-oocyte interaction;; and 3) SS is not essential for successful fertilization. (Supported by Morris Animal Foundation.)

scholarly journals 202FERTILIZING ABILITY OF EPIDIDYMAL CAT SPERMATOZOA AFTER CRYOPRESERVATION OR STORAGE AT 4°C.

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bogliolo ◽  
P. Bonelli ◽  
L. Madau ◽  
M.T. Zedda ◽  
C. Santucciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Plasma Membrane Integrity ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Epididymal Spermatozoa

The possibility of harvesting cat epididymal spermatozoa from excised testis represents a potentially important tool for preserving valuable genetic material from males that die unexpectedly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal status and in vitro fertilizing capability of epididymal cat sperm after short- and long-term storage at 4°C and after cryopreservation. Spermatozoa were collected by flushing the cauda epididymis and the vasa deferentia removed from adult cats undergoing orchiectomy. Spermatozoa were split into three aliquots: A-fresh, B-frozen, and C-cooled. The A portion was immediately tested on the day of collection (control), the B portion was frozen in pellets in Test Yolk Buffer (TYB) with 8% glycerol, while the C portion was extended in TYB and stored at 4°C for 1 day, 2 days or 7 days. Cat oocytes recovered from minced ovaries were matured for 24h in TCM 199+1UI/mL hCG+0.5UI/mL FSH+0.3% BSA at 38.5°C in 5% CO2. In vitro fertilization (IVF) of in vitro-matured (IVM) oocytes was performed using spermatozoa from portions A, B or C in modified Tyrode’s solution supplemented with 0.6% BSA at 38.5°C in 5% in air. Before IVF, aliquots of sperm samples from the three portions were stained simultaneously with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Pisum Sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) and propidium iodide to evaluate the percentage of plasma membrane-intact spermatozoa with acrosomes present. At least 200 spermatozoa were counted in duplicate for each sample. After 24h of incubation, to evaluate fertilization rate, the oocytes were stained with aceto-lacmoid. Oocytes with two pronuclei, presumably male and female, were classified as fertilized. The percentages of spermatozoa maintaining plasma membrane integrity and intact acrosomes after 1 day or 2 days of storage at 4°C were 75% and 65%, respectively, and were similar to that of fresh epididymal spermatozoa (78%). However, the percentages of spermatozoa with intact plasma membranes that had intact acrosomes after 7 days of storage at 4°C (52%) or after cryopreservation (48%) were significantly lower (P<0.01, ANOVA) than those of samples stored for 1 or 2 days at 4°C. As shown in the Table, fertilization rates of oocytes inseminated with fresh spermatozoa and spermatozoa stored for 1 or 2 days were similar. In contrast, the fertilization rates of oocytes inseminated with spermatozoa that had been cryopreserved or stored for 7 days were significantly lower than those obtained with spermatozoa used immediately after collection or storage for 1 day. From our results, we suggest that storage of epididymal spermatozoa at 4°C may be a potentially useful method for temporary storage of spermatozoa from endangered cats, and may allow more efficient use and long-distance transport of genetically important germplasm. This work was supported by MIUR (ex 40%). Table 1 In vitro fertilization of in vitro-matured cat oocytes with fresh, stored at 4°C and cryopreserved epididymal cat spermatozoa

scholarly journals Long COVID-19 syndrome precaution and management

2021 ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All

COVID-19 virus defined as illness caused by a novel coronavirus which first discovered in Wuhan City, China. And On January 30, 2020, the WHO awarded the global health emergency. This is a review of COVID-19’s highly affects on almost all the organs and how we precaution and management as the COVID-19 causes many systemic abnormalities like inflammation, endotheliitis, vasoconstriction, hypercoagulability, edema and Lymphocytopenia, with elevated D-dimer, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis and venous, thrombosis with pulmonary embolization, systemic and pulmonary arterial thrombosis, embolism are reported, ischemic stroke changes, and myocardial infarction are reported also. it can lead to acute coronary syndrome, with heart failure and myocarditis, arrhythmias. Kidney affection was usually secondary to systemic allover disturbances. Stroke may occurred. Delirium and seizures symptoms are common. impaired the tastes are reported with Psychological disturbances are commonly, Lactate dehydrogenase may be elevated. Many skin manifestations including patchy erythematous rash are noticeable, also effects in sexual function and in vitro fertilization success. One of the biggest barriers standing in the way of ending the pandemic the misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccines. At this critical time the Demand for vaccines very effective as it rigorously tested and found to be safe, also Vaccines have no effect on recipients’ genetic material and not effect on fertilization also Antibodies from are estimated to last two to four months, so those who have had a previous infection still get this vaccinated.

scholarly journals Production, Evaluation, Cultivation and In vitro Fertilization of Cattle Oocytes: Recent Trends in Reproductive Biotechnologies in Animal Breeding : A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1452-1458
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Pleshkov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypodermic Needle ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Normal Fertilization ◽  
Donor Cows

The article presents the results of assessing reproductive biotechnology for cattle breeding. The issues of obtaining genetic material from bulls-producers and oocytes from donor cows, for their further cultivation and obtaining embryos, in order to replicate highly productive offspring from valuable animals, are considered. Oocyte production was analyzed in three different ways: puncture, section, and aspiration. A total number of 156 oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs) were collected out of 40 ovaries by puncture – 50 pcs, section – 47 pcs, and aspiration – 59 pcs. The results showed that puncture and section gave significantly higher total OCCs per an ovary (4.16 and 4.0, respectively) than aspiration (3.68), but a higher number of normal (grade A and B) OCCs per an ovary was observed with aspiration (2.5) than with puncture (1.82) and section (2.00). During aspiration, oocyte-cumulus complexes were collected from the surface of follicles with a diameter of 3 to 8 mm using a needle. During puncture, all surfaces were pierced with a hypodermic needle; during section, incisions were made along the entire ovarian surface with a scalpel, that is, all sizes of superficial follicles were collected. OCCs were divided into 4 classes based on cumulus and nucleus cells: grade A – oocytes completely surrounded by cumulus cells; Grade B – oocytes partially surrounded by cumulus cells; Grade C – oocytes not surrounded by cumulus cells; and grade D – degeneration observed in both oocyte and cumulus cells. Grades A and B were considered normal, while grades C and D were considered to be damaged. The obtained oocytes were cultured and fertilized in vitro, which means that their fertilization with sperm occurred under artificially maintained optimal conditions outside the body. Normal fertilization results are zygote formation with male and female pronuclei (PN). As a result of the conducted fertilization of 251 mature oocytes, 142 fertilizations were successful, which amounted to 56.57%.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles, the Road toward the Improvement of ART Outcomes

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2171
Author(s):  
Maria G. Gervasi ◽  
Ana J. Soler ◽  
Lauro González-Fernández ◽  
Marco G. Alves ◽  
Pedro F. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

Nowadays, farm animal industries use assisted reproductive technologies (ART) as a tool to manage herds’ reproductive outcomes, for a fast dissemination of genetic improvement as well as to bypass subfertility issues. ART comprise at least one of the following procedures: collection and handling of oocytes, sperm, and embryos in in vitro conditions. Therefore, in these conditions, the interaction with the oviductal environment of gametes and early embryos during fertilization and the first stages of embryo development is lost. As a result, embryos obtained in in vitro fertilization (IVF) have less quality in comparison with those obtained in vivo, and have lower chances to implant and develop into viable offspring. In addition, media currently used for IVF are very similar to those empirically developed more than five decades ago. Recently, the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the fertility process has flourished. EVs are recognized as effective intercellular vehicles for communication as they deliver their cargo of proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Thus, during their transit through the female reproductive tract both gametes, oocyte and spermatozoa (that previously encountered EVs produced by male reproductive tract) interact with EVs produced by the female reproductive tract, passing them important information that contributes to a successful fertilization and embryo development. This fact highlights that the reproductive tract EVs cargo has an important role in reproductive events, which is missing in current ART media. This review aims to recapitulate recent advances in EVs functions on the fertilization process, highlighting the latest proposals with an applied approach to enhance ART outcome through EV utilization as an additive to the media of current ART procedures.

scholarly journals Handmade cloned bovine embryos, parthenogenesis and in vitro fertilization: a comparison

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Gómez ◽  
M. M. Ramirez ◽  
Z. T. Ruiz-Cortes
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Fertilization In Vitro ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Embryo Production ◽  
Primary Fibroblast ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Cloned Bovine ◽  
Handmade Cloning

<p>The handmade cloning and parthenogenesis as a control leads to the possibility of studying biological processes such as cell reprogramming, epigenetics, embryo genome activation and pre- and post-natal development. The objective of this study was to standardize the process the handmade cloning (HCM) and to compare the resultant embryo production with parthenogenesis and in vitro fertilization (IVF). The primary fibroblast culture was established from explants of ear, the manual cloning technique was standardized with this fibroblast and 10 processes to cloning, parthenogenesis and fertilization in vitro were performed, and the compared production and embryo quality was performed by an ANOVA. An in vitro culture of fibroblast cells was established with optimal characteristics, allowing the genetic material to be used in the process of cloning. The parthenote group without zona pellucida (ZP) exhibited a higher cleavage rate compared with the other groups of parthenotes with ZP and IVF embryo (p&lt;0.05). The number of blastomeres was greater in the IVF (109.81±11.70) compared with the parthenote with ZP (73.73±7.09), without ZP (78.16±7.65) and clone (CL, 77.5±8.23) groups. Embryo production in the CL, ZP, without ZP and IVF groups was not significantly different (29.7, 37.6, 33.8 and 35.2% respectively). The HCM technique was successfully standardized in the laboratory. The resultant embryo production was similar between hand-made cloned embryos, parthenogenesis and in vitro fertilization. The findings of this work give rise to different routes for studying embryology and contribute to the optimization of this technique for commercial purposes.</p>

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