scholarly journals The effects of hydrogen sulfide synthesis inhibition in lindane-induced seizures in rats: A behavioral and EEG study

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-463
Author(s):  
Nikola Sutulovic ◽  
Aleksandra Rasic-Markovic ◽  
Zeljko Grubac ◽  
Emilija Djuric ◽  
Dragan Hrncic
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Eeg Analysis ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
H2s Production

Lindane-induced seizure in rats is a model of refractory generalized epilepsy. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter with different physiological and pathological roles. Cystathionine-?-synthase (CBS) is a major enzyme responsible for H2S production in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of H2S production inhibition using aminooxyacetate (a CBS inhibitor) on behavioral and EEG manifestations of lindane-induced seizures. Male Wistar rats with previously implanted EEG electrodes were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with 4 mg/kg lindane and observed for convulsive behavior and EEG manifestations during the next 30 min. Aminooxyacetate (5, 15 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline, was injected 30 min prior to lindane. Convulsive behavior was assessed by seizure incidence, latency time and severity (grades 0-4). The number and duration of ictal periods in the EEG were also analyzed. Seizure incidence was higher in rats treated with aminooxyacetate (AOA) before lindane, but not significantly when compared with those treated only with lindane. However, AOA significantly decreased the latency time and augmented the severity of lindane-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner. EEG analysis revealed an increased number and duration of ictal periods in rats receiving AOA prior to lindane. H2S production inhibition aggravated lindane-induced seizures, which showed a functional relationship between H2S and the effects of lindane.

Serotonin elicits long-lasting enhancement of rhythmic respiratory activity in turtle brain stems in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 2703-2712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Johnson ◽  
Julia E. R. Wilkerson ◽  
Daniel R. Henderson ◽  
Michael R. Wenninger ◽  
Gordon S. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Frequency Increase ◽  
Burst Frequency ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
Burst Amplitude ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Brain stem preparations from adult turtles were used to determine how bath-applied serotonin (5-HT) alters respiration-related hypoglossal activity in a mature vertebrate. 5-HT (5–20 μM) reversibly decreased integrated burst amplitude by ∼45% ( P < 0.05); burst frequency decreased in a dose-dependent manner with 20 μM abolishing bursts in 9 of 13 preparations ( P < 0.05). These 5-HT-dependent effects were mimicked by application of a 5-HT1A agonist, but not a 5-HT1B agonist, and were abolished by the broad-spectrum 5-HT antagonist, methiothepin. During 5-HT (20 μM) washout, frequency rebounded to levels above the original baseline for 40 min ( P < 0.05) and remained above baseline for 2 h. A 5-HT3 antagonist (tropesitron) blocked the post-5-HT rebound and persistent frequency increase. A 5-HT3 agonist (phenylbiguanide) increased frequency during and after bath application ( P < 0.05). When phenylbiguanide was applied to the brain stem of brain stem/spinal cord preparations, there was a persistent frequency increase ( P < 0.05), but neither spinal-expiratory nor -inspiratory burst amplitude were altered. The 5-HT3receptor-dependent persistent frequency increase represents a unique model of plasticity in vertebrate rhythm generation.

Antithrombin-heparin covalent complex reduces microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass in a pig model

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (25) ◽  
pp. 5716-5723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Klement ◽  
Leslie R. Berry ◽  
Peng Liao ◽  
Henry Wood ◽  
Paul Tressel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Flow Probe ◽  
Transient Signals ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Covalent Complex

AbstractTranscranial Doppler-detected high-intensity transient signals (HITS) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery have been associated with postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction, suggesting microemboli in the brain could be a contributing factor. HITS occur despite administration of unfractionated heparin (UFH). This study was done to determine whether antithrombin-heparin covalent complex (ATH), a more potent anticoagulant than heparin, can reduce HITS during CPB. In a pig CPB model, ATH, UFH, or UFH + antithrombin (AT) was intravenously administered to female Yorkshire pigs after sternotomy. Twenty minutes later, hypothermic CPB was initiated and continued for 1.25 hours, then normothermia was re-established for 45 minutes. Protamine sulfate was given to neutralize the anticoagulants, and pigs were allowed to recover. HITS were monitored using an arterial flow probe placed over the carotid artery. Compared with UFH (300 or 1000 U/kg), ATH reduced the number of HITS during CPB in a dose-dependent manner. AT (3 mg/kg) + UFH (300 U/kg) resulted in an intermediate HITS rate between UFH and ATH (2 mg/kg in terms of AT). Examination of brain sections for emboli formation confirmed that, similar to HITS, number of thrombi decreased in direct proportion to ATH dosage. These results support the hypotheses that the majority of HITS represent thromboemboli and that ATH reduces emboli formation during CPB.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Effect of Novel Steroidal Derivatives on Flaviviruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luping Zhang ◽  
Dengyuan Zhou ◽  
Qiuyan Li ◽  
Shuo Zhu ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Invasion Stage ◽  
Synthetic Derivatives ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Flaviviruses are the major emerging arthropod-borne pathogens globally. However, there is still no practical anti-flavivirus approach. Therefore, existing and emerging flaviviruses desperately need active broad-spectrum drugs. In the present study, the antiviral effect of steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 23 synthetic derivatives against flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Dengue virus (DENV) were appraised by examining the characteristics of virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that AV1003, AV1004 and AV1017 were the most potent inhibitors of flavivirus propagation in cells. They mainly suppress the viral infection in the post-invasion stage in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, orally administered compound AV1004 protected mice from lethal JEV infection by increasing the survival rate and reducing the viral load in the brain of infected mice. These results indicate that the compound AV1004 might be a potential therapeutic drug against JEV infection. These DHEA derivatives may provide lead scaffolds for further design and synthesis of potential anti-flavivirus potential drugs.

scholarly journals The Effect of the mGlu8 Receptor Agonist, S-3,4-DCPG on Acquisition and Expression of Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Male rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazanin Kahvandi ◽  
Zahra Ebrahimi ◽  
Seyed Asaad Karimi ◽  
Siamak Shahidi ◽  
Iraj Salehi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Place Preference ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Place Preference ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Background: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a principal role in drug reward. It has been reported that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) play a key role in the rewarding pathway(s). Previous studies have shown the vast allocation of the different types of mGlu receptors, including mGlu8 receptors, in regions that are associated with opioid rewards, such as the NAc. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of mGlu8 receptors within the NAc in the acquisition and expression phases of morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally implanted by two cannulas' in the NAc and were evaluated in a CPP paradigm. Selective mGlu8 receptor allosteric agonist (S-3,4-DCPG) was administered at doses of 0.03, 0.3, and 3 μg/0.5 μL saline per side into the NAc on both sides during the 3 days of morphine (5 mg/kg) conditioning (acquisition) phase, or before place preference test, or post-conditioning (expression) phase of morphine-induced CPP. Results: The results revealed that intra-accumbal administration of S-3,4-DCPG (0.3 and 3 μg) markedly decreased the acquisition in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on expression of morphine-induced CPP. Conclusions: The findings suggest that activation of mGlu8 receptors in the NAc dose-dependently blocks the establishment of morphine-induced CPP and reduces the rewarding properties of morphine which may be related to the glutamate activity into the NAc and in reward pathway(s). These data suggest that mGlu8 receptor may be involved in conditioned morphine reward.

scholarly journals ANTI-PARKINSON ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF LEAVES OF MURRAYA KOENIGII AGAINST PARAQUAT-INDUCED PARKINSONISM IN WISTAR RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-153
Author(s):  
MAHESWARI REDDY B ◽  
DHANAPAL CK ◽  
LAKSHMI BVS
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Muscle Rigidity ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Murraya Koenigii ◽  
Behavioral Parameters ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Objective: The current study evaluates anti-Parkinson’s activity of aqueous extracts of leaves of Murraya koenigii (MK) (AEMK) against paraquat (PQ)-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Methods: In this study, effects of MK (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) were studied using in vivo behavioral parameters such as catalepsy, muscle rigidity, and locomotor activity and its effects on neurochemical parameters malondialdehyde, catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) reductase, GSH peroxidase, and GSH in rats. Results: Parkinson’s disease was induced by administering PQ 10 mg/kg b.w/i.p once in a week for 4 weeks. The increased cataleptic scores were significantly (p<0.001) found to be reduced, with the AEMK in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic administration of PQ significantly induced motor dysfunction (muscle rigidity and hypolocomotion), showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level, and depleted the levels of GSH, CAT, and reduced GSH. Daily administration of AEMK significantly improved motor performance and also significantly attenuated oxidative damage. Conclusion: The study proved that MK treatment significantly attenuated motor defects and also protected the brain from oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Antinociceptive and Anti-edematous Activities of the Essential Oils of Two Balkan EndemicLaserpitium Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Višnja Popović ◽  
Silvana Petrović ◽  
Maja Tomić ◽  
Radica Stepanović-Petrović ◽  
Ana Micov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Antinociceptive Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

In this paper antinociceptive and anti-edematous effects are examined of the essential oils of the underground parts of two Balkan endemic Laserpitium species (Apiaceae), L. zernyi and L. ochridanum. Furthermore, the essential oil of the underground parts of L. ochridanum is chemically characterised by GC and GC-MS. Antinociceptive and anti-edematous effects were measured in a rat model of localized inflammation, induced by carrageenan, using apparatus for the modified paw-pressure test, and plethysmometer, respectively. The effects of both Laserpitium essential oils were measured after oral gavage administration to male Wistar rats in doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. The main constituents of L. ochridanum essential oil were: α-pinene (33.2%), α-bisabolol (10.3%) and chamazulene (14.9%). The essential oil of L. zernyi was previously shown to be rich in α-pinene (31.6%) and α-bisabolol (30.9%). Both examined essential oils produced a significant dose-dependent antinociceptive effect. The corresponding ED50±SEM in producing antinociception were 45.9±4.9 mg/kg and 42.4±2.1 mg/kg for L. zernyi and L. ochridanum oil, respectively. Both essential oils also significantly reduced paw edema in a dose-dependent manner. The estimated ED50±SEM values for the anti-edematous effect were 36.3±4.5 mg/kg for L. zernyi oil and 45.1±11.3 mg/kg for L. ochridanum oil. These results suggest that the essential oils of both investigated Laserpitium species may be effective against pain and edema present in various inflammatory conditions.

Effect of amphetamine on behavioral patterns of obsessive-compulsive and addictive gambling in a rat marble test

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Natalia D. Yakushina ◽  
Anna G. Pshenichnaya ◽  
Eugenii R. Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

A rodent marble test can be qualified as the most informative test of evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder as a neurobiological component of pathological gambling. Several behavioral components of obsession (obsessive and anxious ideas) and compulsions (obsessive actions) directed to anxiety reduction are modeled in this test. The effect of psychostimulant amphetamine on the rat behavior was studied in a marble test, anxiety-phobic model (scale), open field (evaluation of motor and emotional activity) and resident-intruder test (Intraspecies behavior). Amphetamine 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg increased a number of burying bolls and elevated anxiety level in dose dependent manner. This accompanied with reduction of explorative activity, elevation of motor activity and number of individual behavioral patterns. Therefore, dopaminergic system of the brain activated with amphetamine is involved in obsessive-compulsive behavior and pathological gambling.

Lidocaine and Mexiletine Inhibit Mitochondrial Oxidation in Rat Ventricular Myocytes

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 766-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Tsutsumi ◽  
Shuzo Oshita ◽  
Takashi Kawano ◽  
Hiroshi Kitahata ◽  
Yoshinobu Tomiyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiarrhythmic Drugs ◽  
Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mitochondrial Potential ◽  
Rat Ventricular Myocytes ◽  
Mitochondrial Redox State ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Dose Dependent

Background Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial rather than sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels may have an important role in the protection of myocardium during ischemia. Because both lidocaine and mexiletine are frequently used antiarrhythmic drugs during myocardial ischemia, it is important to investigate whether they affect mitochondrial K(ATP) channel activities. Methods Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with ether. Single, quiescent ventricular myocytes were dispersed enzymatically. The authors measured flavoprotein fluorescence to evaluate mitochondrial redox state. Lidocaine or mexiletine was applied after administration of diazoxide (25 microM), a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel opener. The redox signal was normalized to the baseline flavoprotein fluorescence obtained during exposure to 2,4-dinitrophenol, a protonophore that uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis and collapses the mitochondrial potential. Results Diazoxide-induced oxidation of flavoproteins and the redox changes were inhibited by 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel blocker, suggesting that flavoprotein fluorescence can be used as an index of mitochondrial oxidation mediated by mitochondrial K(ATP) channels. Lidocaine (10(-3) to 10 mM) and mexiletine (10(-3) to 10 mM) reduced oxidation of the mitochondrial matrix in a dose-dependent manner with an EC50 of 98+/-63 microM for lidocaine and 107+/-89 microM for mexiletine. Conclusions Both lidocaine and mexiletine reduced flavoprotein fluorescence induced by diazoxide in rat ventricular myocytes, indicating that these antiarrhythmic drugs may produce impairment of mitochondrial oxidation mediated by mitochondrial K(ATP) channels.

High-affinity choline uptake in regions of rat brain and the effect of antidepressants

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Hrdina ◽  
K. Elson
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Choline Transport ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Michaelis Constants ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

The effect of tricyclic antidepressants, chlorpromazine, and some monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the accumulation of [14C]choline by crude synaptosomal (P2) fraction from different regions of rat brain (cortex, striatum, and hippocampus) was investigated. Analysis of choline uptake kinetics resulted in high- and low-affinity components with different Michaelis constants. All tricyclic antidepressants tested inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the high-affinity choline uptake in the three regions, amitriptyline being the most potent. The IC50 values correlated significantly with the relative potencies of imipramine congeners in binding to muscarinic receptors in the brain. Neither tranylcypromine nor pargyline in concentrations up to 0.1 mM had any effect on choline transport. Concentrations of tricyclic antidepressants effective in inhibiting the uptake of choline failed to influence significantly the activity of choline acetyltransferase in brain regions examined. The results suggest that the effect of imipramine congeners on high-affinity choline uptake may be reflected in the anticholinergic properties of these compounds.

scholarly journals Effect of 6-Gingerol on Growth Factors and Apoptosis Indices in Rats Exposed to Gold Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghasem Majdi Yazdi ◽  
◽  
Gholamhasan Vaezi ◽  
Vida Hojati ◽  
Mohammad Mohammadzadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Dna Oxidative Damage ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Time Injection

Introduction: Research has shown that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can damage brain tissue physiological processes. Given the antioxidant properties of gingerol (GING), the aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of 6-gingerol on hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, DNA oxidative damage, and the amount of Bax and Bcl-2 Apoptosis indices of rats exposed to AuNPs. Methods: Forty two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (30 days 0.5 ml saline), AuNPs (one time injection of 0.5 ml AuNPs, 200 ppm and 60 Nm + 30 days 0.5 ml saline), AuNPs+GING 50 (one time injection of 0.5 ml AuNPs, 200 ppm and 60 Nm + 30 days 0.5 ml density of gingerol 50 mg / kg), AuNPs+GING100 (one time injection of 0.5 ml AuNPs, 200 ppm and 60 Nm + 30 days 0.5 ml density of gingerol 100 mg / kg). At the end of the treatment period, the hippocampal levels of NGF, BDNF, 8-HodG and Apoptotic indices of Bax and Bcl-2 were assessed through ELISA method. Results: Compared with the AuNPs group, hippocampal levels of BDNF, NGF, and Bcl-2 in rats from AuNPs+GING 50 and AuNPs+GING 100 groups significantly increased depending on the dose of injection. The hippocampal levels of Bax and HOdG-8 significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to obtained results, it may be suggested that gingerol improves hippocampal BDNF and NGF levels in rats exposed to AuNPs maybe by reducing apoptosis and oxidative DNA damage.

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