scholarly journals Seed Dispersal by Brown Bears, Ursus arctos, in Southeastern Alaska

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary F. Willson ◽  
Scott M. Gende

Mammals often consume fleshy fruits and disperse significant quantities of the enclosed seeds. In southeastern Alaska, Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) are among the most important dispersers of seeds for the numerous plant species producing fleshy fruits, because these bears are abundant, often eat large quantities of fruit, and commonly excrete seeds in germinable condition. Scat analyses showed that Brown Bears on Chichagof Island ate increasing quantities of fruit through summer and fall. Scats commonly contained several thousand seeds, often of two or more species. Four kinds of seeds of fleshyfruited plants that normally grow in forest understory germinated at similar levels when experimentally deposited (in bear scats) in the two most common habitats (forest and muskeg), suggesting that habitat distribution of these plants is not determined simply by germination patterns. Although seed passage through bear digestive tracts and the composition of scats are known to affect germination rates to some degree, the most important role of bears in seed dispersal is probably transport.

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto García-Rodríguez ◽  
Jörg Albrecht ◽  
Sylwia Szczutkowska ◽  
Alfredo Valido ◽  
Nina Farwig ◽  
...  

AbstractMegafaunal frugivores can consume large amounts of fruits whose seeds may be dispersed over long distances, thus, affecting plant regeneration processes and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) as legitimate megafaunal seed dispersers. We assessed the quantity component of seed dispersal by brown bears across its entire distribution based on information about both the relative frequency of occurrence and species composition of fleshy fruits in the diet of brown bears extracted from the literature. We assessed the quality component of seed dispersal based on germination experiments for 11 fleshy-fruited plant species common in temperate and boreal regions and frequently eaten by brown bears. Across its distribution, fleshy fruits, on average, represented 24% of the bear food items and 26% of the total volume consumed. Brown bears consumed seeds from at least 101 fleshy-fruited plant species belonging to 24 families and 42 genera, of which Rubus (Rosaceae) and Vaccinium (Ericaceae) were most commonly eaten. Brown bears inhabiting Mediterranean forests relied the most on fleshy fruits and consumed the largest number of species per study area. Seeds ingested by bears germinated at higher percentages than those from whole fruits, and at similar percentages than manually depulped seeds. We conclude that brown bears are legitimate seed dispersers as they consume large quantities of seeds that remain viable after gut passage. The decline of these megafaunal frugivores may compromise seed dispersal services and plant regeneration processes.


2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Van Daele ◽  
C.T. Robbins ◽  
B.X. Semmens ◽  
E.J. Ward ◽  
L.J. Van Daele ◽  
...  

The ecological role of large predators in North America continues to spark heated public debate. Although brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) and the salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861) they feed on have declined in many areas, the Kodiak archipelago is famous for large brown bears and abundant salmon. Salmon have generally been managed for maximum sustained yield in a fisheries sense, but those levels may be well below what is necessary for maximum ecosystem productivity. Consequently, we used stable isotopes and mercury accumulated in hair to estimate intake of salmon by Kodiak brown bears (Ursus arctos middendorffi Merriam, 1896). Salmon intake increased from subadult males (592 ± 325 kg·bear−1·year−1) to adult males (2788 ± 1929 kg·bear−1·year−1) and from subadult females (566 ± 360 kg·bear−1·year−1) to adult females (1364 ± 1261 kg·bear−1·year−1). Intake within each group increased 62% ± 23% as salmon escapement increased from ∼1 500 to ∼14 000 kg·bear−1·year−1. The estimated population of 2300 subadult and adult bears consumed 3.77 ± 0.16 million kg of salmon annually, a mass equal to ∼6% of the combined escapement and commercial harvest (57.6 million kg). Although bears consume a small portion of the total mass of adult salmon, perpetuation of dense populations of large bears requires ecosystem-based management of the meat resources and environments that produce such bears.


Oecologia ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Hilderbrand ◽  
Thomas A. Hanley ◽  
Charles T. Robbins ◽  
C. C. Schwartz

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
S. karimi ◽  
M.R. Hemami ◽  
M. Tarkesh Esfahani ◽  
Ch. Baltzinger ◽  
◽  
...  

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Castillo-Ravanal ◽  
Paulo Vallejos-Garrido ◽  
Enrique Rodríguez-Serrano

AbstractIn this study, we establish the seasonal variation of the Culpeo fox’s diet in a seasonal ecosystem of south-central Chile. By scat analyses, 21 prey taxa were identified, 16 were animal and five were plant species. Mammals (88.47%) were the main biomass contribution with small seasonal fluctuations. Plants contributed the most to the differences observed in all seasons since they showed very marked changes. We determined that the Culpeo fox inhabiting the Andes of south-central Chile feeds mainly on small non-native mammals all year round, and supplements its diet opportunistically from items whose abundance oscillates seasonally.


2006 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Souza da Mota Gomes ◽  
Maria Célia Rodrigues Correia ◽  
Heloisa Alves de Lima ◽  
Maria Alice S. Alves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Falcón ◽  
Don Moll ◽  
Dennis Hansen

AbstractIn recent years, it has become clear that frugivory and seed dispersal (FSD) by turtles and tortoises is much more common than previously thought. Yet, a review and synthesis is lacking. We here review published and unpublished records of chelonian FSD, and assess the role of chelonians as seed dispersers, from individual species to the community level. We first discuss the distribution of chelonian FSD and the characteristics of the fruit and/or seed species eaten and dispersed by chelonians. We then use the seed dispersal efficiency framework to explore the quantitative and qualitative components of seed dispersal by tortoises and turtles, embarking on a journey from when the fruits and/or seeds are consumed, to when and where they are deposited, and assess how efficient chelonians are as seed dispersers. We finally discuss chelonian FSD in the context of communities and chelonians as megafauna. We found that a substantial proportion of the world’s aquatic and terrestrial turtles and a major part of testudinid tortoises (70 species in 12 families) include fruits and/or seeds in their diet, and that furits of at least 588 plant species in 120 families are ingested and/or dispersed by chelonians. For some chelonians, overall or in certain seasons, fruit may even form the largest part of their diet. Contrary to seed dispersal by lizards, the other major reptilian frugivores, chelonian FSD is not an island phenomenon in terms of geographic distribution. Nevertheless, on islands especially tortoises are often among the largest native terrestrial vertebrates—or were, until humans got there. We synthesize our knowledge of chelonian FSD, and discuss the relevance of our findings for conservation and restoration, especially in relation to rewilding with large and giant tortoises.ResumenEn años recientes, se ha hecho claro que la frugivoría y dispersión de semillas (FDS) llevada a cabo por tortugas (quelónidos) es más común de lo antes pensado. No obstante, todavía carecíamos de una revisión y síntesis sobre este tema. En este artículo, revisamos récords (publicados y no publicados) sobre FDS por quelónidos, y evaluamos su rol como dispersores de semillas, desde el nivel de individuos, al nivel de comunidades. Primero, discutimos la distribución de FDS por quelónidos, y las características de las especies de frutos y/o semillas consumidas y dispersadas por tortugas. Luego hacemos uso del concepto de la eficiencia de dispersión de semillas como marco de referencia para explorar los componentes cualitativos y cuantitativos de la FDS por quelónidos, embarcándonos en un viaje desde cuando los frutos y/o semillas son consumidas, hasta cuando son depositadas. También evaluamos cuán eficientes son los quelónidos como dispersores de semillas. Finalmente procedemos a discutir la FDS por quelónidos en el contexto de comunidades, y como ‘megafauna’. Encontramos que una proporción substancial de las tortugas acuáticas del mundo y la mayor parte de las tortugas testudínidas (70 especies en 12 familias) incluyen frutos y/o semillas en su dieta que abarcan al menos 588 especies de plantas en 120 familias. En algunas especies, en general o en algunas estaciones, la mayor parte de su dieta está conformada por frutas y/o semillas. Más importante aún, y contrario a las lagartijas, que son otro grupo importante de reptiles que incurre en FDS, la frugivoría y dispersión de semillas por quelónidos no es un fenómeno de islas solamente, en términos de distribución geográfica. Empero, en islas, especialmente las tortugas terrestres, están entre los vertebrados nativos de mayor tamaño–o lo estuvieron, hasta que los humanos llegaron a ellas. En este artículo, hacemos una síntesis de las lecciones aprendidas hasta ahora sobre la FDS por quelónidos, y discutimos la relevancia de nuestros hallazgos para la conservación y restauración, especialmente en relación a proyectos de resilvestrar (‘rewilding’) con tortugas gigantes o de gran tamaño.


2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Jessen Graae

A domestic dog was used in two experiments to elucidate the role of epizoochorous seed dispersal of forest plants. First, the dog was walked through forest vegetation at different times of year and its coat analysed for seeds retained within it. The seed content of the coat was compared to seed frequencies in the vegetation. Secondly, seeds of 11 plant species were placed in different positions on the dog, and their persistence in the coat analysed with respect to distance subsequently travelled. The experiments demonstrate that seeds with morphological adaptations to seed dispersal and small seeds of tall species can be caught effectively by a dog’s coat. The morphologically adapted seeds can be dispersed over large distances as long as the dog moves steadily along a road. The same is true for species with small and smooth seeds if they are deposited on the back of the dog, but not if they are placed on its side. Comparisons of these results with the distribution of forest species in a fragmented landscape, indicated that tall species with small seeds and species with morphological adaptations for epizoochorous dispersal are good at colonizing new forest habitats.


Plant Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
pp. 1337-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Manuel Zapata ◽  
Francisco Robledano ◽  
Vicente Ramos ◽  
Vicente Martínez-López

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1444-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo A. Salas ◽  
Todd K. Fuller

In this study we document the diet, determine diet selection, and evaluate the seed-dispersal role of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris L.) in the Tabaro River valley of southern Venezuela. The diet was assessed by checking treefall gaps and closed-canopy areas of equal size for browsing signs, examining droppings for seeds and fruit remains, and casually asking experienced Ye'kwana Indian hunters. Plants browsed by tapirs were identified and counted. The abundance of each plant species at the study site was determined using 25-m2 quadrats and compared with its abundance in the diet to determine selectivity. Because tapirs defecate in water, their role as seed dispersers was examined by analyzing the distribution of diet species using a data base of the locations of trees at the study site. Information from the 25-m2 quadrats was used for lianas and shrubs. Results show that tapirs selectively browse on 88 out of at least 256 plant species, consistently avoiding more species in closed-canopy areas. Some species occur significantly more frequently in the diet than their relative abundance in the forest. Tapirs eat fruits of 33 species; 2 of these are mainly found near the water and 9 away from the water.


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