scholarly journals Towards the Trustworthy AI

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Tihomir Katulić
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Legal Literature

After decades of theoretical deliberations, the rapid development of advanced information technology has allowed machine learning as a first practical step towards artificial intelligence to enter widespread commercial and government use. The transition into a post-industrial, information society has revealed the value of data as an important resource whose processing is the basis of the new innovative information society services. The European Union has enacted several important regulations and directives in the recent past to protect the recognized fundamental rights of individuals and to regulate the obligations of service providers to ensure safe and secure processing. The Charter of Fundamental Rights as the legal basis of the European system of human rights contains significant checks and limitations to the effect and purpose of future EU AI regulation. Whenever and however this regulation is adopted, it will need to comply with and contain existing European legal standards regarding the fundamental rights of individuals in the EU. The European Commission’s ethical guidelines establish ethical principles based on the recognized fundamental rights that future AI systems need to adhere to in order to be recognized as trustworthy. The purpose of this paper is to present and analyse the mechanisms present in existing European regulations in the fields of data protection and information security and in the European Union documents regarding the future artificial intelligence regulation and to offer suggestions for future regulations. The research methodology includes a comparative analysis of available regulations and policy documents of the European Union, national laws, legal literature, and other sources.

scholarly journals Dislocations on understanding the rule of law

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
J.J. Gomes Canotilho
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Constitutional Discourse

This paper analyses the problems of the rule of law in today’s legal and constitutional discourse. The criticisms the rule of law principle is subjected to, which contribute to its downgrading and to changes in the legal standards that had been progressively achieved, are especially examined, namely, the so-called hyper-protection of fundamental rights and the difficult harmonization with the idea of efficiency. Furthermore, the author identifies the de facto conditions that accentuate the identified problems, such as the systemic deficit of the European Union and the jurisdictional deficit that has become evident since the economic crisis.

The EU Citizens’ Directive—An Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Guild ◽  
Steve Peers ◽  
Jonathan Tomkin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Free Movement Of Persons ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the EU Citizenship Directive. The European Union Directive 2004/38 or the EU Citizenship Directive gives effect to the right which EU law provides to all EU citizens and their family members of any nationality to move, reside, and exercise economic activities if they so choose on the territory of any EU Member State. The right to move and reside anywhere in the EU is a right which is accorded to Union citizens by virtue of Articles 20(2)(a) and 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and enshrined in Article 45 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The right of free movement of persons in their capacities as workers, self-employed persons, or service providers straddles two of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union—free movement of persons and services.

Beyond Robotics: A New Proactive Research Initiative from the EU IST Program

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 245-248
Author(s):  
Pekka Karp
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Information Society ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
The Eu

A research initiative on embodied artificial intelligence has been launched in 2004 by the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) arm of the Information Society Technologies (IST) programme of the European Union. The initiative is called “Beyond Robotics” to emphasize that the research projects funded are required to set ambitious objectives and to aim at breakthroughs going well beyond the state of the art. Four projects worth 20 M € of EC funding were selected for 2004–2008 to address the objectives of the initiative.

E-health developments in the system of health services in Hungary and the European Union

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (21) ◽  
pp. 822-827
Author(s):  
Ágnes Váradi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
European Union ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Contemporary Issue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Basic Features

The question of electronic solutions in public health care has become a contemporary issue at the European Union level since the action plan of the Commission on the e-health developments of the period between 2012 and 2020 has been published. In Hungary this issue has been placed into the centre of attention after a draft on modifications of regulations in health-care has been released for public discourse, which – if accepted – would lay down the basics of an electronic heath-service system. The aim of this paper is to review the basic features of e-health solutions in Hungary and the European Union with the help of the most important pieces of legislation, documents of the European Union institutions and sources from secondary literature. When examining the definition of the basic goals and instruments of the development, differences between the European Union and national approaches can be detected. Examination of recent developmental programs and existing models seem to reveal difficulties in creating interoperability and financing such projects. Finally, the review is completed by the aspects of jurisdiction and fundamental rights. It is concluded that these issues are mandatory to delineate the legislative, economic and technological framework for the development of the e-health systems. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 822–827.

THE МEANING OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
Sandra Risteska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Each country strives for growing economic development, but no country is able to implement it. Various experiences and projects from the countries of the European Union and other neighboring countries are taken and considered. Towards the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, economic movements are increasingly relying on public-private partnerships, which can lead to a rapid development process through the financing of infrastructure projects. Economic globalization, as well as the emergence of new opportunities for economic activity in the world, are aimed at cooperation of the authorities and businesses in the realization of the socio-economic policies. The implementation and realization of development projects through public-private partnerships is impossible without participation by the relevant institutions of the public and private sector. Above all, direct participation implies expertise, experience and education. Every project that will be realized through various forms of public-private partnership must fulfill certain conditions. Among the conditions for proper implementation of the project are: dialogue, transparency and monitoring. The main feature of PPP is the transfer of the risk to the financing, efficiency and quality of public services, which are usually the burden of the private partner. This paper analyzes and explores the essence of public-private partnership. The conceptual framework for public-private partnership, as well as its strengths and weaknesses, is set. With the application of PPP, the economic development of the infrastructure as a whole, and in particular the development of local infrastructure, is analyzed. The origin of PPPs, its characteristics, as well as the need and importance for their continuous implementation are explained. The application of PPP is considered through the experiences in certain countries of the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia. Then, the responses to previously hypothesized hypotheses are collected: what is the successful implementation of PPP, what is needed for PPPs and why. In the end, the data from the conducted research are collected, analyzed and determined the profile of certain activities, as well as the possible decisions for further strategies for the implementation of the PPPs.

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