scholarly journals Using X-Road to Implement Open Data in Electrical Systems and Promote the Integration with Smart City and Open Governance Strategies

TecnoLógicas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (52) ◽  
pp. e1950
Author(s):  
Santiago Gil ◽  
Germán D. Zapata-Madrigal ◽  
Rodolfo García-Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
Electrical Industry ◽  
Governance Strategies

The electrical industry is undergoing a deep digital transformation towards the consolidation of smart grids, which requires a high demand of data and information systems involved in the processes. Open data initiatives, which have been focused on open governance to a great extent, generate positive impacts on society and the economy in terms of easy access to public resources, agility, and transparency. These initiatives can also be adopted in the electrical industry (i.e., power, electrical, and energy systems) for customer engagement, collaboration with other industries, and reaching consensus. This study proposes the implementation of an open data solution for the electrical industry through the deployment of a data hub that offers digital services for smart city applications and the integration of the X-Road system to improve the security and interoperability of open data. This initiative aims to promote a wider adoption of open data in the electrical industry and prepare the latter for fully connected and collaborative digital ecosystems in smart cities, industries, and governments. This study also proposes an open data architecture for the interoperability of the electrical industry with other digital industries (through a Smart City Hub and the adoption of 5G technology), and it reports some relevant results and major findings in this regard. This paper highlights the benefits of promoting open data and technological strategies for digitized electrical systems while considering humans an essential factor. Finally, it discusses the pros and cons of the integration of X-Road with the electrical industry under the concept of smart grids for data exchange and potential applications.

Trust in open data applications through transparency

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482097970
Author(s):  
Christian Wiencierz ◽  
Marco Lünich
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Data Application ◽  
User Data ◽  
Data Ecosystem

Open data provide great potential for society, for example, in the field of smart cities, from which all citizens might profit. The trust of these citizens is important for the integration of various data, like sensitive user data, into an open data ecosystem. In the following study, we analyzed whether transparency about the application of open data promotes trust. Furthermore, we formulated guidelines on how to create transparency regarding open data in an ethical way. Using an open-data-based fictitious smart city app, we conducted an experiment analyzing to what extent communication of the technical open data application process and the ethical self-commitment for the transparent communication of data application affect trust in the app’s provider. The results indicate that the more information users obtain regarding the use of open data, the more trustworthy they perceive the app provider to be, and the more likely they are to use the app.

Cyber Security Challenges for Smart Cities

2022 ◽  
pp. 1459-1480
Author(s):  
Anand Nayyar ◽  
Rachna Jain ◽  
Bandana Mahapatra ◽  
Anubhav Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Security Models ◽  
The People ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

Smart cities are composed of interlinked components with constant data transfer and services targeted at increasing the life style of the people. The chapter focuses on diverged smart city components as well as the security models designed to be implemented. The four major paradigms discussed in this chapter are smart grids, building automation system (BAS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and smart vehicles. Apart from addressing the security concerns of every component, the major highlights of this chapter are architecture, smart environment, industry, lifestyle, services, and digital lifestyle quality. Finally, the chapter focuses on privacy preserving mechanisms, its essence over smart cities, strong architecture related to privacy, preserving mechanism, and various approaches available that can retaliate these issues in a smart city environment.

scholarly journals “Smart Is Not Smart Enough!” Anticipating Critical Raw Material Use in Smart City Concepts: The Example of Smart Grids

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin David ◽  
Florian Koch
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Smart Meters

Globally emerging smart city concepts aim to make resource production and allocation in urban areas more efficient, and thus more sustainable through new sociotechnical innovations such as smart grids, smart meters, or solar panels. While recent critiques of smart cities have focused on data security, surveillance, or the influence of corporations on urban development, especially with regard to intelligent communication technologies (ICT), issues related to the material basis of smart city technologies and the interlinked resource problems have largely been ignored in the scholarly literature and in urban planning. Such problems pertain to the provision and recovery of critical raw materials (CRM) from anthropogenic sources like scrap metal repositories, which have been intensely studied during the last few years. To address this gap in the urban planning literature, we link urban planning literatures on smart cities with literatures on CRM mining and recovery from scrap metals. We find that underestimating problems related to resource provision and recovery might lead to management and governance challenges in emerging smart cities, which also entail ethical issues. To illustrate these problems, we refer to the smart city energy domain and explore the smart city-CRM-energy nexus from the perspectives of the respective literatures. We show that CRMs are an important foundation for smart city energy applications such as energy production, energy distribution, and energy allocation. Given current trends in smart city emergence, smart city concepts may potentially foster primary extraction of CRMs, which is linked to considerable environmental and health issues. While the problems associated with primary mining have been well-explored in the literature, we also seek to shed light on the potential substitution and recovery of CRMs from anthropogenic raw material deposits as represented by installed digital smart city infrastructures. Our central finding is that the current smart city literature and contemporary urban planning do not address these issues. This leads to the paradox that smart city concepts are supporting the CRM dependencies that they should actually be seeking to overcome. Discussion on this emerging issue between academics and practitioners has nevertheless not taken place. We address these issues and make recommendations.

scholarly journals Where’s the database in digital ethnography? Exploring database ethnography for open data research

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Burns ◽  
Grace Wark
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Digital Ethnography ◽  
Fundamental Dimension ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
The City

Contemporary cities are witnessing momentous shifts in how institutions and individuals produce and circulate data. Despite recent trends claiming that anyone can create and use data, cities remain marked by persistently uneven access and usage of digital technologies. This is the case as well within the emergent phenomenon of the ‘smart city,’ where open data are a key strategy for achieving ‘smartness,’ and increasingly constitute a fundamental dimension of urban life, governance, economic activity, and epistemology. The digital ethnography has extended traditional ethnographic research practices into such digital realms, yet its applicability within open data and smart cities is unclear. The method has tended to overlook the important roles of particular digital artifacts such as the database in structuring and producing knowledge. In this paper, we develop the database ethnography as a rich methodological resource for open data research. This approach centers the database as a key site for the production and materialization of social meaning. The database ethnography draws attention to the ways digital choices and practices—around database design, schema, data models, and so on—leave traces through time. From these traces, we may infer lessons about how phenomena come to be encoded as data and acted upon in urban contexts. Open databases are, in other words, key ways in which knowledges about the smart city are framed, delimited, and represented. More specifically, we argue that open databases limit data types, categorize and classify data to align with technical specifications, reflect the database designer’s episteme, and (re)produce conceptions of the world. We substantiate these claims through a database ethnography of the open data portal for the city of Calgary, in Western Canada.

scholarly journals Open Data Based Machine Learning Applications in Smart Cities: A Systematic Literature Review

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Luminita Hurbean ◽  
Doina Danaiata ◽  
Florin Militaru ◽  
Andrei-Mihail Dodea ◽  
Ana-Maria Negovan
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Data Movement ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Machine Learning Applications

Machine learning (ML) has already gained the attention of the researchers involved in smart city (SC) initiatives, along with other advanced technologies such as IoT, big data, cloud computing, or analytics. In this context, researchers also realized that data can help in making the SC happen but also, the open data movement has encouraged more research works using machine learning. Based on this line of reasoning, the aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review to investigate open data-based machine learning applications in the six different areas of smart cities. The results of this research reveal that: (a) machine learning applications using open data came out in all the SC areas and specific ML techniques are discovered for each area, with deep learning and supervised learning being the first choices. (b) Open data platforms represent the most frequently used source of data. (c) The challenges associated with open data utilization vary from quality of data, to frequency of data collection, to consistency of data, and data format. Overall, the data synopsis as well as the in-depth analysis may be a valuable support and inspiration for the future smart city projects.

scholarly journals Urban Digital Twins – A FIWARE-based model

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 1106-1115
Author(s):  
Martin Bauer ◽  
Flavio Cirillo ◽  
Jonathan Fürst ◽  
Gürkan Solmaz ◽  
Ernö Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
Data Exchange Platform ◽  
City Community ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Time Scales

Abstract This article describes the use of digital twins for smart cities, i. e., the Urban Digital Twin (UDTw) concept. It shows how UDTws can be realized using the open source components from the FIWARE ecosystem that are already used in more than 200 cities worldwide. The used NGSI-LD standard is supported by the European Connecting Europe Facility, the Open and Agile Smart City community, the Indian Urban Data Exchange platform, and the Japanese Smart City Reference Model. Unlike digital twins in other domains, e. g., manufacturing, where digital twins are co-developed with their physical counterparts, UDTws often evolve driven by different stakeholders, on different time scales, as well as by utilizing many different data sources from the city. This article builds on a well-established lifecycle model for Digital Twins and combines this with a conceptual model for digital twins consisting of data, reactive, predictive and forecasting (“what if”) digital twin functionalities. The article also describes how AI-based technologies can be used to extract knowledge to build the UDTws from the IoT-based infrastructure of a smart city.

scholarly journals Smart Cities, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Respect for the European Union Data Protection Rules

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Durán Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union

The importance of cities and their populations grow more and more, as well as the need to apply ICT in their management to reduce their environmental impact and improve the services they offer to their citizens. Hence the concept of smart city arises, a transformation of urban spaces that the European Union is strongly promoting which is largely based on the use of data and its treatment using Big data and Artificial Intelligence techniques based in algorithms. For the development of smart cities it is basic, from a legal point of view, EU rules about open data and the reuse of data and the reconciliation of the massive processing of citizens' data with the right to privacy, non-discrimination and protection of personal data. The use of Big data and AI needed for the development of smart city projects requires a particular respect to data protection regulations. In this sense, the research explores in depth the specific hazards of vulnerating this fundamental right in the framework of smart cities due to the use of Big Data and AI.

Cyber Security Challenges for Smart Cities

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Nayyar ◽  
Rachna Jain ◽  
Bandana Mahapatra ◽  
Anubhav Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Security Models ◽  
The People ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

Smart cities are composed of interlinked components with constant data transfer and services targeted at increasing the life style of the people. The chapter focuses on diverged smart city components as well as the security models designed to be implemented. The four major paradigms discussed in this chapter are smart grids, building automation system (BAS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and smart vehicles. Apart from addressing the security concerns of every component, the major highlights of this chapter are architecture, smart environment, industry, lifestyle, services, and digital lifestyle quality. Finally, the chapter focuses on privacy preserving mechanisms, its essence over smart cities, strong architecture related to privacy, preserving mechanism, and various approaches available that can retaliate these issues in a smart city environment.

scholarly journals Towards an Integrated Framework to Measure Smart City Readiness: The Case of Iranian Cities

Smart Cities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 676-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negar Noori ◽  
Martin de Jong ◽  
Thomas Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Practical Guidelines

This paper introduces an indicator system to measure and assess smart city readiness. Analyzing smart city initiatives in Iran as case studies, the theoretical framework we present reflects on how cities explore the possibility of becoming smart, and prepare themselves to begin implementing the transition towards becoming a smart city. This theoretical framework is then applied to four Iranian cities aspiring to become smart and that already possess credible smart city brands. The findings reveal that the most significant difficulty in Iran is associated with the political context. The changing urban governance model is the most important factor in Iranian smart cities’ readiness. Utilization of open data policies and data sharing, as well as making reforms in government structures are all considered a sine qua non to gain momentum. Based on the results of our empirical analysis a Theory of Change is developed to address the cities’ technological, socio-economic, and political readiness vis-à-vis the desired transition. The framework for measuring smart city readiness and the Theory of Change provide practical guidelines to developing systematic roadmaps for developing and implementing smart city policies.

scholarly journals Cloud BIM Technology as a Means of Collaboration and Project Integration in Smart Cities

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110332
Author(s):  
Ihuoma Onungwa ◽  
Nnezi Olugu-Uduma ◽  
Dennis R. Shelden
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
City Development ◽  
Digital Modeling ◽  
Project Integration ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Life

Building Information Modeling (BIM) was created to address the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry’s lack of collaboration among consultants. Advances in cloud BIM have led to the easy exchange of data and real-time collaboration among consultants from conceptual design to the detailed construction drawing stage and through the project life cycle. This is critical in the development of smart cities. Cloud BIM also facilitates visualization of the city and data exchange for internet of things (IoT). Smart city development involves incorporating data from sensors and hardware attached to existing infrastructure. This article studies cloud BIM technology as a means of project integration in smart city development. To do this, a case study of digital modeling for the development of a smart city was done. Benefits include seamless communication, monitoring real-time progress, and visualization of files. Problems encountered include governance problems, problems preserving work sets, the integrity of drawings, and difficulty specifying coordinates on-site.

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