scholarly journals The Effects of Three Dimensional Structures on Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interstellar Emissions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gudlaugur Johannesson ◽  
I. V. Moskalenko ◽  
Elena Orlando ◽  
Troy Porter ◽  
Andy Strong
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray

Distribution of arrival times in cosmic ray showers

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-735
Author(s):  
H. S. Green
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stochastic Theory ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

The theoretical analyses of the extensive air showers developing from the cosmic radiation has its origins in the work of Carlson and Oppenheimer (1937) and Bhabha and Heitler (1937), at a time when it was thought that such showers were initiated by electrons. The realization that protons and other nuclei were the primary particles led to a reformulation of the theory by Heitler and Janossy (1949), Messel and Green (1952) and others, in which the production of energetic pions and the three-dimensional development of air showers were accounted for. But as the soft (electromagnetic) component of the cosmic radiation is the most prominent feature of air showers at sea level, there has been a sustained interest in the theory of this component. Most of the more recent work, such as that by Butcher and Messel (1960) and Thielheim and Zöllner (1972) has relied on computer simulation; but this method has disadvantages in terms of accuracy and presentation of results, especially where a simultaneous analysis of the development of air showers in terms of several physical variables is required. This is so for instance when the time of arrival is one of the variables. Moyal (1956) played an important part in the analytical formulation of a stochastic theory of cosmic ray showers, with time as an explicit variable, and it is essentially this approach which will be adopted in the following. The actual distribution of arrival times is cosmic ray showers, for which results are obtained, is of current experimental interest (McDonald, Clay and Prescott (1977)).

scholarly journals Correction to “Three-dimensional computational axial tomography scan of a volcano with cosmic ray muon radiography”

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (B3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka ◽  
Hideaki Taira ◽  
Tomihisa Uchida ◽  
Manobu Tanaka ◽  
Minoru Takeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Muon Radiography ◽  
Tomography Scan

scholarly journals Tests of a novel imaging algorithm to localize hidden objects or cavities with muon radiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2137) ◽  
pp. 20180063 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bonechi ◽  
G. Baccani ◽  
M. Bongi ◽  
D. Brocchini ◽  
N. Casagli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Imaging Algorithm ◽  
Muon Radiography ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Large Material

A novel algorithm developed within muon radiography to localize objects or cavities hidden inside large material volumes was recently proposed by some of the authors (Bonechi et al. 2015 J. Instrum. 10 , P02003 ( doi:10.1088/1748-0221/10/02/P02003 )). The algorithm, based on muon back projection, helps to estimate the three-dimensional position and the transverse extension of detected objects without the need for measurements from different points of view, which would be required to make a triangulation. This algorithm can now be tested owing to the availability of real data collected both in laboratory tests and from real-world measurements. The methodology and some test results are presented in this paper. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

scholarly journals Borehole muography of subsurface reservoirs

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2137) ◽  
pp. 20180060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bonneville ◽  
Richard Kouzes ◽  
Jared Yamaoka ◽  
Azaree Lintereur ◽  
Joshua Flygare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Aquifer Storage ◽  
Rock Formations

Imaging subsurface rock formations or geological objects like oil and gas reservoirs, mineral deposits, cavities or even magmatic plumbing systems under active volcanoes has been for many years a major quest of geoscientists. Since these subsurface objects cannot be observed directly, different indirect methods have been developed. These methods are all based on variations of certain physical properties of the subsurface materials that can be detected from the ground surface or from boreholes. To determine the density distribution, a new imaging technique using cosmic-ray muon detectors deployed in a borehole has been developed and a first prototype of a borehole muon detector successfully tested. In addition to providing a static image of the subsurface density in three dimensions (or three-dimensional tomography), borehole muography can also inform on the variations of density with time, which recently became of major importance with the injection of large volumes of fluids, mainly water and CO 2 , in porous subsurface reservoirs (e.g. aquifer storage and recovery, wastewater disposal, enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration). This raises several concerns about the risk of leakage and the mechanical integrity of the reservoirs. Determining the field scale induced displacement of fluids by geophysical methods like muography is thus a priority. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography'.

Cosmic ray latitudinal effects predicted by a three-dimensional drift model

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hattingh ◽  
R.A. Burger ◽  
M.S. Potgieter ◽  
L.J. Haasbroek
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Drift Model

scholarly journals Magnetic field amplification in electron phase-space holes and related effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Treumann ◽  
W. Baumjohann
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Flux Tube ◽  
Magnetic Moments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Magnetic Fabric ◽  
Magnetic Field Generation ◽  
Electron Holes ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract. Three-dimensional electron phase-space holes are shown to have positive charges on the plasma background, which produce a radial electric field and force the trapped electron component into an azimuthal drift. In this way electron holes generate magnetic fields in the hole. We solve the cylindrical hole model exactly for the hole charge, electric potential and magnetic field. In electron holes, the magnetic field is amplified on the flux tube of the hole; equivalently, in ion holes the field would be decreased. The flux tube adjacent to the electron hole is magnetically depleted by the external hole dipole field. This causes magnetic filamentation. It is also shown that holes are massive objects, each carrying a finite magnetic moment. Binary magnetic dipole interaction of these moments will cause alignment of the holes into chains along the magnetic field or, in the three-dimensional case, produce a magnetic fabric in the volume of hole formation. Since holes, in addition to being carriers of charges and magnetic moments, also have finite masses, they behave like quasi-particles, performing E × B, magnetic field, and diamagnetic drifts. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field, their magnetic moments experience torque, which causes nutation of the hole around the direction of the magnetic field, presumably giving rise to low frequency magnetic modulations like pulsations. A gas of many such holes may allow for a kinetic description, in which holes undergo binary dipole interactions. This resembles the polymeric behaviour. Both magnetic field generation and magnetic structure formation are of interest in auroral, solar coronal and shock physics, in particular in the problem of magnetic field filamentation in relativistic foreshocks and cosmic ray acceleration.

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