scholarly journals Quality Assessment of Antibiotic Oral Drug Formulations Marketed In Katsina State, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Gambo Lawal ◽  
Muhammad Dauda Mukhtar ◽  
Abdulkadir Magaji Magashi

There are increasing reports on the high incidence of substandard drugs, especially in developing countries.Pharmaceutical products have been reported to contain either no, low, or excessive amounts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Inview of the above, 112 samples of six different antibiotic oral drug formulations were evaluated for chemical quality by assessing the presence and the percentage content of the stated active pharmaceutical ingredients using validated HPLC assay as described in the official monograph of the British and United Stated pharmacopoeia. The result indicates that 43 (38.4%) had active ingredients outside the set pharmacopoeial limit and therefore were non-compliant to the BP and the USP specifications for percentage content.  Ampiclox and Cotrimoxazole had the highest proportion of samples with active ingredient outside the pharmacopoeial limit, and in three samples (one Augmentin and two Ampiclox), no active ingredient was detected. The presence of API lower than the claimed content declared on the packaging was the primary cause of non-compliance. The potential implications of the use of substandard drugs are treatment failure and the development of drug-resistance.  

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Roman Petrovich Terekhov ◽  
Denis Igorevich Pankov ◽  
Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Anfinogenova ◽  
Irina Anatolievna Selivanova

Рolymorphism is receiving increasing attention due to its influence on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) while maintaining the molecular structure. This review is devoted to the problem of APIs phase state control both at the development stage and during the circulation of the drug. The term «polymorphism» has different definitions depending on the branch of science. There is no unambiguous solution to this issue in the regulatory documentation of pharmaceutical industry either. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the article presents a comparison of pharmacopeia methods, recommended in Russian and foreign regulatory documents for the analysis of polymorphism of medicinal substances, including state pharmacopeias of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the USA, and Japan, as well as international pharmacopeias of the European Economic Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. The trend on using a complex of high-tech equipment is revealed. A systematic approach to analysis based on X-ray diffraction, thermal, spectral, microscopic, biological, and physical methods for determining constants makes it possible not only to identify the polymorphic modification of API, but also to characterize its structure, morphology, physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity. In the Russian Federation, the phenomenon of polymorphism is being studied especially intensively, and some control methods, such as biological methods, are validated only in Russian pharmacopeia. A promising direction for further research is the improvement and harmonization of regulatory documentation within the framework of this chemical and technological field of pharmacy. A global approach will help to reduce not only the probability of poor-quality products entering the market, but also the costs of establishing the authenticity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient produced.


2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1411
Author(s):  
Sergiy M. Kovalenko ◽  
Irina S. Konovalova ◽  
Sergiy I. Merzlikin ◽  
Vladimir P. Chuev ◽  
Dmitry V. Kravchenko

The chiral title compound, C16H20N2O2, which can be used for producing active pharmaceutical ingredients for treatment of type 2 pancreatic diabetes and other pathologies dependent on insulin resistance, was prepared from (1R,3S)-camphoric acid and o-phenylenediamine. It crystallized from an ethanol solution in the chiral monoclinic P21 space group. The five-membered ring adopts a twisted conformation with the methyl-substituted C atoms displaced by −0.273 (5) and 0.407 (5) Å from the mean plane through the other three atoms. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the a-axis direction. Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots were used to analyze the intermolecular contacts present in the crystal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-398
Author(s):  
Papa Mady Sy ◽  
Peggy Ngadou Ntchobaha ◽  
Sidy Mouhamed Dieng ◽  
Louis Augustin D. Diouf ◽  
Alphonse R. Djiboune ◽  
...  

Les rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques sont une cause importante d'invalidité dans le monde entier. De ce fait, les affections rhumatismales chroniques font peser une lourde charge sociale et économique sur toutes les sociétés, pas seulement sur celles où l’espérance de vie est élevée. L’objectif principal de ce travail était d’étudier le profil de libération pH-dépendante de principes actifs hydrophobes à partir d’oléogels oraux et/ou cutanés. La formulation des oléogels a été réalisée selon une méthode sol-gel, reproductible à grande échelle. La caractérisation et le suivi dans le temps ont montré une bonne stabilité des oléogels. Les valeurs de pH des oléogels étaient globalement acides (entre 4,3 et 5,8) et dépendaient de la quantité de gélifiant utilisée. Les études de libération du kétoprofène, principe actif hydrophobe, en fonction du pH des milieux de dissolution ont montré des profils de libération d’une cinétique du premier ordre d’équation 𝑷𝒕=𝑷𝟎+𝑨.𝒆𝒙𝒑𝑲𝒕 avec des coefficients de détermination proches de 1 (milieux à pH égal à 1,2 et 5,5). Une meilleure libération du kétoprofène a été obtenue dans un milieu intestinal simulé (pH égal à 6,8) pour les formulations qui présentaient déjà une saturation en milieu gastrique simulé (pH égal à 1,2). Cette étude qui a permis de formuler, d’évaluer et de modéliser le profil de libération du kétoprofène à partir d’oléogels peut constituer une étape importante dans un objectif de souveraineté thérapeutique des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne notamment le Sénégal.Mots clés : Oléogels, rhumatismes inflammatoires chroniques, kétoprofène, libération contrôlée, pH-dépendant.   English Title: pH-dependent controlled release systems of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients from oleogels Chronic inflammatory rheumatism is a major cause of disability around the world. As a result, chronic rheumatic diseases place a heavy social and economic burden on all societies, not just those with high life expectancy. The main objective of this work was to control the pH-dependent release of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients from oral and / or skin oleogels. The formulation of the oleogels was carried out using a sol-gel large-scale reproducible method. Characterization and monitoring over time have shown good stability of the oleogels. The pH values of the oleogels were overall acid (between 4.3 and 5.8) and depended on the amount of gelling agent used. The release studies of ketoprofen, a hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredient, as a function of the pH of the dissolution media have shown release profiles of first-order kinetics of equation 𝑷𝒕=𝑷𝟎+𝑨.𝒆𝒙𝒑𝑲𝒕 with coefficients of determination close to 1 (media at pH equal to 1.2 and 5.5). Better release of ketoprofen was obtained in simulated intestinal medium (pH equal to 6.8) for formulations which already exhibited saturation in simulated gastric medium (pH equal to 1.2). This study, which made it possible to formulate, evaluate and model the release profile of ketoprofen from oleogels, may constitute an important step in an objective of therapeutic sovereignty of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Senegal.Keywords: oleogels - chronic inflammatory rheumatism - ketoprofen - controlled release – pH-dependent.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 433
Author(s):  
Heiner Veith ◽  
Maximilian Zaeh ◽  
Christian Luebbert ◽  
Naír Rodríguez-Hornedo ◽  
Gabriele Sadowski

Knowledge of the stability of pharmaceutical formulations against relative humidity (RH) is essential if they are to become pharmaceutical products. The increasing interest in formulating active pharmaceutical ingredients as stable co-crystals (CCs) triggers the need for fast and reliable in-silico predictions of CC stability as a function of RH. CC storage at elevated RH can lead to deliquescence, which leads to CC dissolution and possible transformation to less soluble solid-state forms. In this work, the deliquescence RHs of the CCs succinic acid/nicotinamide, carbamazepine/nicotinamide, theophylline/citric acid, and urea/glutaric acid were predicted using the Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). These deliquescence RH values together with predicted phase diagrams of CCs in water were used to determine critical storage conditions, that could lead to CC instability, that is, CC dissolution and precipitation of its components. The importance of CC phase purity on RH conditions for CC stability is demonstrated, where trace levels of a separate phase of active pharmaceutical ingredient or of coformer can significantly decrease the deliquescence RH. The use of additional excipients such as fructose or xylitol was predicted to decrease the deliquescence RH even further. All predictions were successfully validated by stability measurements at 58%, 76%, 86%, 93%, and 98% RH and 25 °C.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorcas Osei-Safo ◽  
Amegnona Agbonon ◽  
Daniel Yeboah Konadu ◽  
Jerry Joe Ebow Kingsley Harrison ◽  
Mamadou Edoh ◽  
...  

This study, conducted as part of our overall goal of regular pharmacovigilance of antimalarial medicines, reports on the quality of 132 artemisinin-based antimalarial medicines distributed in Ghana and Togo. Three methods were employed in the quality evaluation—basic (colorimetric) tests for establishing the identity of the requisite active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), semi-quantitative TLC assay for the identification and estimation of API content, and HPLC assay for a more accurate quantification of API content. From the basic tests, only one sample totally lacked API. The HPLC assay, however, showed that 83.7% of the ACTs and 57.9% of the artemisinin-based monotherapies failed to comply with international pharmacopoeia requirements due to insufficient API content. In most of the ACTs, the artemisinin component was usually the insufficient API. Generally, there was a good correlation between the HPLC and SQ-TLC assays. The overall failure rates for both locally manufactured (77.3%) and imported medicines (77.5%) were comparable. Similarly the unregistered medicines recorded a slightly higher overall failure rate (84.7%) than registered medicines (70.8%). Only two instances of possible cross-border exchange of medicines were observed and there was little difference between the medicine quality of collections from border towns and those from inland parts of both countries.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Klein ◽  
Albert Poortinga ◽  
Frank M. Verhoeven ◽  
Daniel Bonn ◽  
Sylvestre Bonnet ◽  
...  

AbstractEncapsulating pharmaceuticals in protective lipid based nanoparticles, and nebulizing them towards the target area in the body offers a range of clinical advantages. However, the process of nebulization might possibly damage sensitive nanoparticle structures, such as liposomes, resulting in loss of active pharmaceutical ingredients. We compare this loss for two types of lung inhalation devices: high-frequency piezo-actuated vibrating mesh nebulizers and non-actuated continuous jet nebulizers. We find that vibrating mesh nebulizers cause model liposomes to release more than ten times as much encapsulated material as the continuous jet nebulizers because the energies involved in nebulization are much larger. This result highlights the importance of applying a mild nebulization technology when administering shear-sensitive drug formulations such as lipid nanoparticle based drugs to the lungs.


Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2557
Author(s):  
Kalvatala Sudhakar ◽  
Shivkanya Fuloria ◽  
Vetriselvan Subramaniyan ◽  
Kathiresan V. Sathasivam ◽  
Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
...  

A selected active pharmaceutical ingredient must be incorporated into a cargo carrier in a particular manner so that it achieves its goal. An amalgamation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) should be conducted in such a manner that it is simple, professional, and more beneficial. Lipids/polymers that are known to be used in nanocarriers for APIs can be transformed into a vesicular formulation, which offers elegant solutions to many problems. Phospholipids with other ingredients, such as ethanol and water, form suitable vesicular carriers for many drugs, overcoming many problems related to poor bioavailability, poor solubility, etc. Ultraflexible liposomes are novel carriers and new frontiers of drug delivery for transdermal systems. Auxiliary advances in vesicular carrier research have been made, enabling polymer-coated ethanolic liposomes to avoid detection by the body’s immune system—specifically, the cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Ultraflexible liposomes act as a cargo system and a nanotherapeutic approach for the transport of therapeutic drugs and bioactive agents. Various applications of liposome derivatives in different diseases are emphasized in this review.


Author(s):  
Samir Diab ◽  
Mateen Raiyat ◽  
Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis

Continuous flow synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) can offer access to process conditions that are otherwise hazardous when operated in batch mode, resulting in improved mixing and heat transfer,...


2019 ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Maslii ◽  
O. A. Ruban ◽  
І. V. Kovalevska

Considering the simplicity and ease of use, in recent years, more and more attention deserves medicated chewing gum (MCG), which plays the role of oral drug delivery system. Since this product remains in the oral cavity for a longer time than other oral medicines, the taste is one of the important features of the MCG. It is known, that one of the ways to correct and mask the taste of medicines is the addition of intense sweeteners, which not only affect the taste characteristics of the ready product, but also can influence the physic-chemical and technological properties of the active components. The aim of this work was the selection of the optimal intensive sweetener in the developed dental MCG with lysozyme hydrochloride and ascorbic acid. As natural flavourers, we studied natural and synthetic intensive sweeteners: potassium acesulfame, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, stevia and sucralose. The choice of flavouring agents was carried out using organoleptic methods for evaluating the taste with the help of numerical indexes by A. I. Tentsova and use of alphabetic and numerical indexes by I. A. Yegorov, and also by studying the crystallographic properties of intense sweeteners and their mixtures with active pharmaceutical ingredients. According to the obtained results, all compositions, except for the sample with sodium saccharin, had a corrective property and had a similar sweet-sour taste. However, not all of them had a long sweet aftertaste, which is very important for this dosage form. The highest numerical indices were samples of MCG with sodium cyclamate, stevia and sucralose. By conducting a microscopic analysis of mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients with the investigated intense sweeteners were predicted possible methods of obtaining the developed solid dosage form – the method of direct compression or the use of preliminary granulation. Taking into account the complex of the obtained results, sucralose has the best correcting and physic-chemical characteristics of all the investigated intense sweeteners.


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