Chinese adolescents' perceptions of parents' rearing styles: A crosstemporal meta-analysis of birth cohort changes 1994–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Qian Su ◽  
Lina Chen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Parental Rearing ◽  
Severe Punishment

Social changes that may influence parents' rearing styles have impacted Chinese family structures in recent decades. In this study we examined changes in parents' rearing styles perceived by Chinese adolescents according to birth cohort. We performed a cross-temporal metaanalysis of 176 studies involving 181 data points (participant N = 86,960). The results showed that Chinese adolescents' scores on the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran Scale changed significantly from 1994 to 2017. The d values of the 11 scale dimensions of parental rearing style varied from –1.58 to 1.01, implying that the coefficient of determination varied from 1% to 38%. Chinese adolescents' perceptions of fathers' excessive interference and mothers' overprotection and excessive interference decreased over the period of the studies, and the adolescents' perceptions of mothers' emotional warmth increased. In addition, boys perceived more severe punishment and rejection from their fathers than girls did. Theoretical and practical implications of the changes of parental rearing styles over time are discussed.

scholarly journals Correlations to Predict Elemental Compositions and Heating Value of Torrefied Biomass

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Yousef Haseli ◽  
Ernur Karadogan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Torrefied Biomass ◽  
Data Points

Measurements reported in the literature on ultimate analysis of various types of torrefied woody biomass, comprising 152 data points, have been compiled and empirical correlations are developed to predict the carbon content, hydrogen content, and heating value of a torrefied wood as a function of solid mass yield. The range of torrefaction temperature, residence time and solid yield of the collected data is 200–300 °C, 5–60 min and 58–97%, respectively. Two correlations are proposed for carbon content with a coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of 81.52% and 89.86%, two for hydrogen content with R 2 of 79.01% and 88.45%, and one for higher heating value with R 2 of 92.80%. The root mean square error (RMSE) values of the proposed correlations are 0.037, 0.028, 0.059, 0.043 and 0.023, respectively. The predictability of the proposed relations is examined with an additional set of experimental data and compared with the existing correlations in the literature. The new correlations can be used as a useful tool when designing torrefaction plants, furnaces, or gasifiers operating on torrefied wood.

Family meals and identity in urban China

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 505-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Yu ◽  
Ann Veeck ◽  
Fang (Grace) Yu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Family Meals ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Family Identity ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – This study aims to, with family structures in urban China becoming increasingly diverse, examine how and to what extent the characteristics of everyday family meals relate to the establishment and strengthening of a collective sense of the Chinese family. Integrating ritual and family identity theories developed through studies conducted in the West, the research explores the relationship between family identity and the major dimensions that characterize ritualistic practices through an examination of family dinners in a non-Western context. Design/methodology/approach – The mixed-method approach combines a qualitative phase (focus groups and interviews) with a large-scale survey of households (n = 1,319) in four Chinese cities. Findings – The results find a positive relationship between family identity and commitment to family meals, as well as continuity promoted through family meals, at a 99 per cent confidence level. Research limitations/implications – One important research limitation is that the sample was limited to four cities. In addition, it is difficult for quantitative measures to capture the richness of emotionally and symbolically laden constructs, such as communication, commitment, continuity and family identity. Practical implications – The results provide insights into the meanings of family meals in China. With over one-third of household expenditures spent on food in Chinese cities, the formulation of brand positions and promotions can be informed through a greater understanding of the influence of family dynamics on food consumption. Social implications – The findings indicate that, within China’s dynamic environment of changing family values, strengthening the ritualistic characteristics of everyday family activities, such as family meals, can lead to an increase in a collective sense of family. Originality/value – The study demonstrates under what conditions, within this rapidly changing socioeconomic environment, the family dinner provides stability and a sense of unity for Chinese families. In China, a trend toward individualization is accompanied by a deep-seeded sense of obligation toward family that exerts an important influence on meal composition and patterns.

Validation of Adaptive Gaussian Process Regression Model Used for SIF Prediction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Keprate ◽  
R. M. Chandima Ratnayake ◽  
Shankar Sankararaman
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Gaussian Process ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Gaussian Process Regression ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Maximum Absolute Error ◽  
Data Points

The main aim of this paper is to perform the validation of the adaptive Gaussian process regression model (AGPRM) developed by the authors for the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) prediction of a crack propagating in topside piping. For validation purposes, the values of SIF obtained from experiments available in the literature are used. Sixty-six data points (consisting of L, a, c and SIF values obtained by experiments) are used to train the AGPRM, while four independent data sets are used for validation purposes. The experimental validation of the AGPRM also consists of the comparison of the prediction accuracy of AGPRM and Finite Element Method (FEM) relative to the experimentally derived SIF values. Four metrics, namely, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Average Absolute Error (AAE), Maximum Absolute Error (MAE), and Coefficient of Determination (R2), are used to compare the accuracy. A case study illustrating the development and experimental validation of the AGPRM is presented. Results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the AGPRM is comparable with and even higher than that of the FEM, provided the training points of the AGPRM are aptly chosen.

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