scholarly journals ON THE ATTACK OF THE HUNGARIAN KING BELA III ON SERBIA IN LIGHT OF THE LETTER OF EMPEROR ISAAC II TO POPE CELESTINE III

2018 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Ivana Komatina
Keyword(s):  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Serbia and Hungary during the 12th century can be characterized as allied and peaceful. However, at the end of the 12th century, Hungary attacked the Serbian territory. The paper analyzes the letter sent by the emperor Isaac II to Pope Celestine III regarding the Hungarian attack on Serbia. We learn from it that the Byzantine Empire protected Serbia in such circumstances, with the claim that Serbia has been “under Romania from ancient times”. Also, since the letter was not dated, by internal analysis of the text we can conclude that it was composed in 1193, so the Hungarian attack could be dated from the end of 1192 until the middle of 1193.

Circassians between Russians and Turks

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 69-91
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Valentinovich Pilipchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article is devoted to the relationship of the Circassians with the Turkic peoples. The Caucasian-speaking ancestors of the Adyge, Circassians and Kabardians were known to contemporaries under several ethnonyms. Papags and Kasogians were mixed Turkic-Caucasian tribes and served in the Khazar Kaganate. Zikhians occupied the Northern-East Black Sea littotal lands and were ruled by Georgian (Abkhazian) kings and Zikhian archbishops of the Matarcha. The Pechenegs were allies of the Zikhians, and the Oguzes were their opponents. It can be argued about a certain period of dominance of the Zikhians on the Taman Peninsula in the 13th century, but in the 12th century the local Zikhians were supposed to recognize the power of the Byzantine Empire. The relations of the Zikhians with the Qipchaqs were friendly. The infiltration of Turkic elements into the ethnogenesis of the North-West Caucasus tribes contributed to the emergence of the Circassian ethnos. In the Golden Horde the Circassians actively maintained contacts with both the Genoese and the Tatars. Circassians living on the plane were integrated into the administrative system of Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde). Circassians also fought against the Tatars of the Golden Horde and the Great Horde. The first Circassian principalities sources are recorded in the XV century. These were Khetuk, Kremuk, Kopa, Tatarkosia, Kabarda. The first three principalities worked closely with the Genoese and became victims of Turkish aggression in the 70-80-ies of XV century In the XVI century the principalities of Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleeney, Khatukai took shape. Natukhai, Abadzekhs, Shapsugs were circled Abazins and became part of the Circassian ethnosphere only in the 18th century. Zhaney, Temirgoy, Besleney, Khatukai in the XVI century suffered from the invasions of the Crimean Tatars, therefore, in the middle of the XVI century hoped for an alliance with the Russians and sent embassies to Moscow. The war against the Crimean Tatars was fought mainly by the forces of Kabardians and the Ukrainian condottier D.Vyshnevetsky. With the departure of the D.Vyshnevetsky to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ivan IV virtually ceased to support the Western Circassians, which led to their reversal towards the Crimean Khanate. They took part in the Ottoman-Safavid war of 1578-1590 on the side of the Turks. In the XVII century the Besleney and Temirgoy rebelled against the Crimean Tatars, hoping for an alliance with the Russians, but to no avail. Success in the fight against the Crimean Tatars became possible thanks to several victories of the Kabardians over the troops of Gherays in the XVIII century. Temirgoy, Abadzekhs, Bjedugs, Shapsugs, Besleney, Makhosh, Ubykhs rebelled against Crimean Tatars in this century. With the annexation by the Russians of the Crimean Khanate, the Western Circassians underestimated the anti-Russian position. Key words: Zikhians, Kasogians, Papags, Circassians, Khazar Khaganate, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, Russians, Crimean Tatars

TÜRKÇE “GİBİ”, KIRGIZCA “SIYAKTUU” EDATIYLA YAPILAN BAZI BENZETMELERİN KÜLTÜRDİLBİLİM AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Muhittin Gümüş
Keyword(s):  
Shape Function ◽  
External World ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Turkish Language ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cultural Linguistics

ÖZET. Milletlerin çok eski zamanlardan bugüne kadar yaşayarak edinmiş oldukları tecrübeler, bilgiler, kazanımlar ve değerler o milletin kültürünü oluşturur. Edinilen değerlerin dil aracılığıyla hayat bulması kültürdilbilim alanı çerçevesinde kültür-dil-insan arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeye değer bulmuştur. Herhangi bir varlığın şekline, işlevine, görevine, görüntüsüne her toplumda farklı anlam veya dilsel dünya görüşünü yansıtan adlar verilir. Kültür-dil-insan çerçevesinde dil ve kültür ilişkilerinin belli bir disiplin altında incelenmesi ancak kültürdilbilim yoluyla mümkündür. Dilbilim alanına ait kültürdilbilim çalışmalarında ele alınan dilsel dünya görüşü kavramı her bir dilin dolayısıyla toplumun ya da ortak değerlere sahip toplumlarının oluşturduğu milletlerin dünyayı nasıl algılayıp yansıttığını, çevresindeki varlıkların ve kavramların hangi niteliklerini ayırt ettiğini, insanın duygu ve düşüncelerini, değer yargılarını nasıl betimledikleri incelenmektedir. Bu makalede kültürdilbilim çerçevesinde Türkçede “gibi”, Kırgızcada -DAy eki ve “sıyaktuu”, “öndüü” bağlacıyla yapılan benzetmeler ve deyimler Türkçe ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmekte, böylelikle iki toplum arasındaki dış dünya algısı arasındaki farklılıklar veya benzerlikler tespit edilecektir. Адам баласы алмустактан бери топтогон маалыматы, турмуштан топтогон тажрыйбасы жана баалуулуктары менен улуттук маданиятын түзгөн. Тилдик каражаттар аркылуу чагылдырылган турмуштук тажрыйбалар улуттук маданият чөлкөмүндө маданият-тил-адам баласы деген чөйрөдө изилдөөгө алынат. Сөз, форма, иш аракет, көрүнүштөр ар бир коомдо ар кандай маанини туюндурган лексикалар менен берилген. Маданият-тил-адам баласы аттуу чөйрөдө тилдик жана маданий байланыштар белгилүү бир тартипте изилдениши бир гана маданияттаануу жолу менен ишке ашат. Тил илимине тиешелүү маданияттаануу илиминде каралган тилдик дүйнө тааным түшүнүгү ар бир тилдин, ошол эле учурда орток баалуулуктарга ээ болгон коомдун дүйнөнү кабыл алышы жана аны чагылдырышы, анын чөйрөнү жана түшүнүктөрдү айырмалаган сапаттарын, адамдын ички уйгу-туйгусун жана түшүнүктөрүн кандай сүрөттөгөнүн изилденет. Бул макалада маданияттаанууда Түрк тилиндеги “gibi” Кыргыз тилиндеги –ДАй мүчөсү, сыяктуу жана өндүү жандоочтор менен бе-рилиши, фразеологиялык каражаттар Түрк тили менен салыштырылып, эки тилдин ортосундагы сырткы дүйнө тааным менен болгон айырмасы жана окшоштуктары аныкталат. The experiences, knowledge, achievements and values that have been gained by nations starting from ancient times and up today constitute the culture of that nation. It has become worthy of examining the relationship between culture-language-human within the frameworks of cultural linguistics. Names are attached to any entity in accordance with its shape, function, tasks, and appearance that reflect different meanings in each society or their linguistic worldview. Analyzing language and culture relations within the scope of a certain discipline in the frameworks of culture-language-human is only possible by means of Cultural Linguistics. The concept of linguistic worldview, which is discussed in cultural-linguistics studies in the field of linguistics, deals with studying how each language and therefore the societies or societies with common values perceive the world and reflect it through the language they use, what qualities of entities and concepts surrounding them they distinguish, how they describe feelings and thoughts of a human being and their value judgments. This paper studies analogies and idioms that are formed by means of preposition “gibi” in the Turkish language and “sıyaktuu” with the suffix –Day in the Kyrgyz language, which are examined in the context of comparative cultural linguistics. Thus, the differences and/or similarities between the perception of external world between the two societies are revealed.

Arts and Crafts of the Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia

2021 ◽  
pp. 846-873
Author(s):  
Dobrochna Zielińska
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Wall Painting ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Late Period ◽  
Artistic Production ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Different Sources

After the collapse of the Meroitic Empire, three independent kingdoms arose within its former territory. Because of a lack of centralized political authority and artistic production, their early development, although based on the Meroitic inheritance, was determined by different sources of influence. From the 8th century two united northern kingdoms became a powerful state, which is also reflected in its art. Rising creativity from the 9th century onwards reflected local needs and ambitions. In the course of time, surrounded by Islamic neighbors, Nubian art on one hand remained independent in its forms of art, but on the other hand absorbed a new style and iconographic details, which is most visible in 12th-century wall painting. Most probably it reflected a changing lifestyle, inspired by the wider Middle Eastern world at that time. The late period, although characterized by much less activity and financial possibilities of individuals or communities, still shows flourishing activities of Nubian artists. Christian Nubian culture ended almost simultaneously with the Byzantine empire, leaving almost one thousand years of its unique heritage.

scholarly journals Integration of Pedagogical and Production Factors in the Process of the Formation of Industry 4.0

TEM Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1964-1970
Author(s):  
Nikolay Chapaev ◽  
Olga Akimova ◽  
Yevgeniy Dorozhkin ◽  
Andrey Efanov ◽  
Ekaterina Bychkova
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Teacher Assessment ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The rapid development of Industry 4.0 as a result of the Fourth Industrial Revolution brings back the relationship of pedagogy and production to mutual integration that has been their characteristic since ancient times. The study revealed high digital readiness of students (4.24 according to the student assessment and 2.82 according to the teacher assessment on a 5- point scale) and very low readiness of production to accept integrated learning (1.68 and 2.67, respectively), as well as the poor digitalization of the educational process according to the students and teachers, who are more closely familiar with the reality of production (2.03 and 2.45, respectively).

scholarly journals A 12th century set of marvered purple glass vessels from Branicevo (Serbia)

Starinar ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 151-173
Author(s):  
Dragana Spasic-Djuric ◽  
Sonja Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Urban Centre ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

During the 2011 archaeological excavations at the Mali Grad site in Branicevo, a set of at least 16 vessels made of translucent dark-purple glass and decorated with marvered opaque white trails was discovered. This unique glass assemblage, consisting of at least eight bowls, three bottles, two cylindrical flasks and three further vessels which can be possibly attributed to flasks, was found in the most significant archaeological context in the urban centre of Branicevo, in the layer above the floor in House No 4. According to other archaeological finds from the same context, coins in particular, the glass vessel set is dated to the 12th century. Importantly, the finds from Branicevo are so far the earliest securely-dated vessels of this type in the territory of the Byzantine Empire, post-dating the reestablishment of its control over the Balkan Peninsula in the 11th century.

Tamil Theology and Ancestor Worship

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (S-2) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Ramarajapandian V
Keyword(s):  
Ancestor Worship ◽  
The People ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

In ancient times, the loved ones had the tradition of worshipping their virtues after their demise. The practice of growing more and more family was practiced when those who worked for their family to progress were worshipped after their deaths. One of the rituals is to make the dead sieve. The ancestral worship is to pay tribute to the experiences of the ancestors who have been with us in the relationship and blood of the tribes. This cult was associated with the middle stone worship of the people of this group over time. These are the foundations of the study of the ancient cult sculptors and theories of the present day.

Empire and Religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 318-341
Author(s):  
Amira K. Bennison
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between religion and empire, focusing on the empires of the Islamic world while also alluding to Sasanian Persia, the Byzantine Empire, Latin Christendom, and the European colonial empires which occupied the same geographic space in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. After exploring the notions of “empire” and “religion,” it will consider associations between power and the sacred, expressed in many societies via cosmologies in which rulers were assumed to play a pivotal role in maintaining a harmonious social order. It will then explore the status rulers held in relation to dominant beliefs or confessional faiths, ranging from headship of a religious community to divine rights to rule, and how this was supported from the material and ideological perspectives in urban centers and across the countryside. The chapter concludes with a brief look at religious movements as a form of resistance to such hegemonic imperial structures.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 1249-1278
Author(s):  
Frederick Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
World Order ◽  
Break Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Relationship

“Beyond Empire” asks what studying empires from ancient times to the twentieth century tells us about the world today. Crises in the Middle East and the configuration of Europe, China, Africa, the United States, and elsewhere bear the imprint of trajectories into, through, and out of empire. Instead of assuming the “empire-to-nation-state” narrative, it explores the articulations of empire and nation and makes clear that the relationship was uncertain and contested, even in the mid- and late twentieth century. New empires (USSR, Japan, Nazi Germany) arose even as others collapsed, but World War II constituted a break point for winning as well as defeated empires, creating openings to anti-colonial movements but also enabling Western European powers to imagine a future without needing imperial resources in their rivalry with each other. The independent territorial state was not the only objective of political movements in colonial empires, but in the end national independence was what they could get. The juridical equivalence of post-imperial states has not brought about a stable, equitable, or even predictable world order.

scholarly journals Medieval Shiloh—Continuity and Renewal

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Amichay Shcwartz ◽  
Abraham Ofir Shemesh
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present paper deals with the development of cult in Shiloh during the Middle Ages. After the Byzantine period, when Shiloh was an important Christian cult place, it disappeared from the written sources and started to be identified with Nebi Samwil. In the 12th century Shiloh reappeared in the travelogues of Muslims, and shortly thereafter, in ones by Jews. Although most of the traditions had to do with the Tabernacle, some traditions started to identify Shiloh with the tomb of Eli and his family. The present study looks at the relationship between the practice of ziyara (“visit” in Arabic), which was characterized by the veneration of tombs, and the cult in Shiloh. The paper also surveys archeological finds in Shiloh that attest to a medieval cult and compares them with the written sources. In addition, it presents testimonies by Christians about Jewish cultic practices, along with testimonies about the cult place shared by Muslims and Jews in Shiloh. Examination of the medieval cult in Shiloh provides a broader perspective on an uninstitutionalized regional cult.

Iron Age Camps in northwestern France and southwestern Britain

Antiquity ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
pp. 58-79
Author(s):  
R. E. M. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Local Initiative ◽  
The Real ◽  
Local Basis ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Local Differentiation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Map Distance

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to the problems of the Early Iron Age in the British Isles; and, amongst these problems, that of the relationship between the insular and the continental cultures of the period has not become simpler or clearer as the British evidence has accumulated. How far, and in what manner, were the various Iron Age cultures of Britain derived from the continent? How far, and under what conditions, were they due to local initiative in Britain itself? Until questions such as these can be answered approximately, it will remain impossible alike to estimate the real achievement of the later prehistoric civilization of the island and to visualize the full significance of the adjacent civilization of northwestern Europe. The problem is not an easy one. The agricultural and therefore local basis of most of the Iron Age economy of Britain encouraged the strong local differentiation of cultural forms, and this local individuality was enhanced by the fashion in which the major tracts of open and habitable chalk or greensand tended, in ancient times, to be isolated by expanses of dense and often impassable forest. And, similarly, an intrusive element from overseas might easily take root in a particular area of southern or eastern Britain without directly affecting other areas within a relatively short map-distance.

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