scholarly journals Evaluation of Beef Steak Exudate Differing in Quality Grade and Post-Mortem Aging Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wall ◽  
C. Kerth ◽  
Z. Hicks ◽  
D. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Aging Time ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Phase Gradient ◽  
Ultra Pure Water ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Positive Mode

ObjectivesEvaluate absorbance and metabolite differences of beef exudate from raw beef steaks differing in quality grade and post-mortem aging time.Materials and MethodsUSDA Select (SE; n = 18) and USDA Choice (CH; n = 18) beef strip loins were aged for 7d, cut into 2.54 cm thick steaks, and randomly assigned a post-mortem aging duration of either 10 or 20d post-mortem (n = 72 total). Steaks were individually packaged on d7 and frozen on the assigned day at –20°C until time for analysis. Steaks were thawed for 24h at 4°C before 2 mL of exudate was collected from each bag on removal of the steak. The exudate was frozen at –80°C until further analysis. For analysis of absorbance, 0.5 mL of thawed exudate was diluted with 4.5 mL ultra-pure water and centrifuged. Then, 200 μL of the dilution was pipetted in triplicated onto a 96 well plate. Absorbance was read at a range of 350–700nm wavelengths. A dilution of 1:20 beef exudate: ultra-pure water was filtered and used for metabolite analysis. Using a HILIC column, 5 μL were injected into an organic mobile phase gradient and analyzed using an Agilent 6545 LC/MS-QTOF in positive mode. Data were analyzed using a two-factorial design with quality grade and post-mortem day of aging as fixed effects with an α of 0.05. Loin was included as a random effect. Least squares means, correlations, and principal component analysis were used to discriminate data.ResultsCH exudate had greater (P < 0.05) absorbance than SE at wavelength ranges of 350–404, 423–467, and 491–508 nm. For the range of 350–598nm, CH exudate tended (P < 0.10) to have a greater absorbance than SE exudate. No differences (P > 0.05) were detected at all other wavelengths analyzed between quality grade. Post-mortem aging had no effect (P > 0.05) on wavelength absorbance. Of the total metabolites present (n = 33) in the samples, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed among fixed effects. Only three metabolites exhibited a twofold change in expression, observed as a downregulation from SE to CH exudate. With age, nearly two-thirds of the metabolites (n = 19) tended to increase in intensity. Tritriacontyl octacosanoate was unique to SE exudates.ConclusionBeef exudate tends to be influenced by quality grade more than post-mortem aging duration. Accordingly, exudate samples from raw steaks may be classified by quality grade no matter the duration of aging time.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Beef Steak Exudate Differing in Quality Grade and Post-Mortem Aging Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-122
Author(s):  
K. Wall ◽  
C. Kerth ◽  
Z. Hicks ◽  
D. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Aging Time ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Quality Grade ◽  
Beef Steak

scholarly journals Variation of PEAR1 DNA methylation influences platelet and leukocyte function

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Izzi ◽  
◽  
Francesco Gianfagna ◽  
Wen-Yi Yang ◽  
Katrien Cludts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Blood Platelet ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Platelet Response ◽  
Distribution Width ◽  
Cpg Sites ◽  
Leukocyte Function

Abstract Background Platelet-endothelial aggregation receptor 1 (PEAR-1) is a transmembrane receptor involved in platelet activation and megakaryopoiesis whose expression is driven by DNA methylation. PEAR1 variants were associated with differential platelet response to activation and cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed at investigating the link between PEAR1 methylation and platelet and leukocyte function markers in a family-based population. Results We measured PEAR1 methylation in 605 Moli-family participants with available blood counts, plasma P-selectin and C-reactive protein, whole blood platelet P-selectin, and platelet-leukocyte mixed conjugate measurements. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) to identify groups of highly correlated CpG sites. We used linear mixed regression models (using age, gender, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, being a proband for family recruitment, being a member of myocardial infarction (MI) family as fixed effects, and family as a random effect) to evaluate associations between PEAR1 methylation and phenotypes. PEAR1 methylation Factor2, characterized by the previously identified megakaryocyte-specific CpG sites, was inversely associated with platelet-monocyte conjugates, P-selectin, and WBC counts, while positively associated with the platelet distribution width (PDW) and with leukocyte CD11b and L-selectin. Moreover, PEAR1 Factor2 methylation was negatively associated with INFLAscore, a low-grade inflammation score. The latter was partially mediated by the PEAR1 methylation effect on platelet variables. PEAR1 methylation association with WBC measurements and INFLAscore was confirmed in the independent cohort FLEMENGHO. Conclusions We report a significant link between epigenetic signatures in a platelet functional gene and inflammation-dependent platelet function variability measured in two independent cohorts.

scholarly journals A random effects population dynamics model based on proportions-at-age and removal data for estimating total mortality

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1881-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena M. Trenkel ◽  
Mark V. Bravington ◽  
Pascal Lorance
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Estimation Bias ◽  
Effective Sample Size ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
Study Parameter

Catch curves are widely used to estimate total mortality for exploited marine populations. The usual population dynamics model assumes constant recruitment across years and constant total mortality. We extend this to include annual recruitment and annual total mortality. Recruitment is treated as an uncorrelated random effect, while total mortality is modelled by a random walk. Data requirements are minimal as only proportions-at-age and total catches are needed. We obtain the effective sample size for aggregated proportion-at-age data based on fitting Dirichlet-multinomial distributions to the raw sampling data. Parameter estimation is carried out by approximate likelihood. We use simulations to study parameter estimability and estimation bias of four model versions, including models treating mortality as fixed effects and misspecified models. All model versions were, in general, estimable, though for certain parameter values or replicate runs they were not. Relative estimation bias of final year total mortalities and depletion rates were lower for the proposed random effects model compared with the fixed effects version for total mortality. The model is demonstrated for the case of blue ling (Molva dypterygia) to the west of the British Isles for the period 1988 to 2011.

Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Charles A Zumbaugh ◽  
Susannah A Gonia ◽  
Kathryn M Payne ◽  
Thomas B Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P &lt; 0.01) and DM was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P &lt; 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P &lt; 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

scholarly journals Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J Sorensen ◽  
James S Drouillard ◽  
Teresa L Douthit ◽  
Qinghong Ran ◽  
Douglas G Marthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split plot design run as a crossover in 2 periods. Whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. Main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and β diversity were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05) whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared to cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared to the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared to cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.

Corporate Ownership Structure and Its Effect on Capital Structure: Evidence from BSE Listed Manufacturing Companies in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 227797522096830
Author(s):  
Palaniappan Gurusamy
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Hausman Test ◽  
Lm Test ◽  
Corporate Ownership Structure ◽  
The Capital Structure

The study aims to examine the relationship between corporate ownership structure and capital structure of BSE listed manufacturing firms in India. The study has included the sample of 357 companies which covers 16 major sectors during the period of 2006–2015. Considering the dynamic panel nature of the data relating to the capital structure and the ownership structure variables. The analysis undertakes a novel approach of examining the determinants both single equation and reduced equation models. In order to determine the most appropriate model, based on the F test, the Breusch Pagan LM test and finally the Hausman Test is conducted. The Hausman test result has been estimated by the fixed effect model is better than the other two models such as pooled OLS and random effect estimation. Based on the fixed effects results, size, risk and profitability have a highly significant relationship with leverage. Meanwhile, the growth opportunities and tangibility represent insignificant values. The study found that the explanatory variables of the promoters’ ownership and the institutional ownership have a negative impact on leverage, while the corporate ownership has a positive influence on the capital structure decision. The individual or public ownership has a negative and significantly related to the capital structure, whereas the effect of the foreign ownership inversely related to the firm’s leverage.

scholarly journals 251 Evaluation of Condensed Algal Residue Solubles as an Ingredient in Cattle Finishing Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Calvin Gibbons ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
Galen E Erickson ◽  
Bradley M Boyd ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Algae Oil

Abstract Algae oil production for Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation yields a byproduct called Condensed Algal Residue Solubles (CARS; 25.4% DM, 19.3% CP, 8.3% Fat, 9.96% Na on DM basis), de-oiled algae cells with residual fermentation substrates. This study evaluated the use of CARS in feedlot finishing diets. Crossbreed steers, (n=480) were blocked and stratified by initial body weight (BW) into 4 blocks, and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments were designed as a 2 x 3 factorial with 3 inclusions of CARS (0, 2.5, 5% of diet DM) and 2 different base diets representing Northern and Southern Great Plains diets. The Southern diets contained steam flaked corn and dry distillers grains while the Northern diets had dry rolled and high moisture corn with wet distillers grains. CARS replaced corn in both diets. All blocks were harvested after 148 days on feed. Performance data were analyzed as a randomized block design with CARS inclusion, base diet, and interactions as fixed effects, BW block as a random effect and pen (n=48) as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of CARS inclusion. There were no significant interactions between CARS inclusion and diet type (P ≥ 0.49). Main effects of CARS indicated positive quadratic responses for carcass adjusted ADG, G:F, 12th rib back fat, yield grade (P &lt; 0.01; increasing to 2.5% inclusion, decreasing at 5%) and hot carcass weight was both linear and quadratic (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≥ 0.06 respectively; 969, 977, 935 as CARS increased). Linear decrease in DMI, final adjusted BW and ribeye area (P ≤ 0.01) as CARS increased. Cattle fed the Southern diets had greater ADG and G:F compared to Northern diets (P &lt; 0.01). Including 2.5% CARS in the diet improved feed efficiency in both Northern and Southern based feedlot diets.

scholarly journals Exploring Sustainable Food Choices Factors and Purchasing Behavior in the Sustainable Development Goals Era in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7397
Author(s):  
Isabel Blanco-Penedo ◽  
Javier García-Gudiño ◽  
Elena Angón ◽  
José Manuel Perea ◽  
Alfredo J. Escribano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sustainable Consumption ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
And Gender

The aim of the present study was (1) to investigate what consumers include within the concept of food sustainability and its link with sustainable consumption, by identifying meaningful consumer typologies from the concept of food sustainability and food choice factors framed by SDG 12, and (2) to know how different farm systems attributes affecting purchase behavior are associated with such typologies. Consumers from two Spanish regions (n = 403) answered a paper questionnaire to know their degree of knowledge of sustainability, and beliefs, behavior, attitudes and preferences towards food sustainability, and the importance given to product characteristics and shopping practices. A principal component analysis was conducted to identify groups with similar answers, to average some of the questions before the final analysis of variance, which includes demographic classes as fixed effects. A cluster analysis using the most representative questions identified two clusters. cluster 1 (68.4%) responded to more sustainability-related attributes, and cluster 2 (31.5%) presented a less-expanded concept of sustainability. The origin of the product and quality certification (local, organic) was important for food purchase practices. The place of residence and gender differences of the consumers were the most influential factors. In the conjoint study, regarding the purchase of Iberian pork, cluster 1 remained unwilling to sacrifice outdoor systems and local breed at the expense of the price, in the case of the Iberian pig production. The most important demographic differentiator was the region of residence of the consumer. In conclusion, consumers are not aware of the wider aspects included in the sustainability concept. Moreover, the concept of sustainability elicits different meanings to the segments of the consumers identified.

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