scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Retail Ground Beef with and Without a “Raised Without Antibiotics” Claim

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schmidt ◽  
A. Vikram ◽  
K. Thomas ◽  
T. M. Arthur ◽  
M. Weinroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ObjectivesThe occurrences of human bacterial infections complicated by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have increased in recent decades. Concerns have been raised that food-animal production practices that incorporate antimicrobials contribute significantly to human AMR exposures since food-animal production accounts for approximately 81% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Although empirical studies comparing AMR levels in meat products, including ground beef, are scant ground beef products with Raised without Antibiotics (RWA) label claims are perceived to harbor less AMR than “conventional” (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. The objective of this research was to determine AMR levels in retail ground beef with and without an RWA label claims.Materials and MethodsRetail ground beef samples were obtained from 6 U.S. cities. Samples were obtained on the following dates: 9/18/2017, 10/30/2017, 11/27/2017. 1/29/2018. 3/5/2018, and 6/11/2018. A total of 599 samples were obtained. Samples with a “Raised without Antibiotics” or USDA Organic claim (N = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking a “Raised without Antibiotics” claim (N = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB). Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample and qPCR was used to determine the abundance of ten antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). The impacts of production system and city on ARB detection were assessed by the Likelihood-ratio chi-squared test. The impacts of production system and city on ARG abundance was assessed by two-way ANOVA.ResultsTetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV = 46.3%; RWA = 34.4%) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV = 48.0%; RWA = 37.5%) were more frequently (P < 0.01) detected in CONV. Detection of third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (CONV = 5.7%; RWA = 1.0%), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV = 0.0%; RWA = 0.0%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CONV = 1.3%; RWA = 0.7%) did not differ (P = 1.00). The blaCTX-M ARG was more abundant in CONV (2.4 vs. 2.1 log copies/gram, P = 0.01) but the tet(A) (2.4 vs. 2.5 log copies/gram, P = 0.02) and tet(M) (3.6 vs. 3.9 log copies/gram, P < 0.01) ARGs were more abundant in RWA. aadA1, blaCMY-2, mecA, erm(B), and tet(B) abundances did not differ significantly (Fig. 5) (P > 0.05). Abundances of aac (6’)-Ie-aph (2”)-Ia and blaKPC-2 were not analyzed since they were quantified in less than 5% of the samples.ConclusionU.S. retail CONV and RWA ground beef harbor generally similar levels of AMR since only 5 of 15 AMR measurements were statistically different between production systems. Three AMR measurements were higher in CONV, while 2 AMR measurements were higher in RWA. These results are in general agreement with a recently published study authored by our group that examined antimicrobial resistance in CONV and RWA ground beef obtained from U.S. foodservice suppliers (Vikram et al., J. Food Prot. 81:2007–2018. 2018.). Together these studies suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production has minimal to no impact on human exposure to AMR via ground beef.Figure 5.

Antimicrobial resistance in United States retail ground beef with and without label claims regarding antibiotic use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Schmidt ◽  
Amit Vikram ◽  
Enrique Doster ◽  
Kevin Thomas ◽  
Margaret D Weinroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Health Impacts ◽  
Beef Products

Antibiotics used during food-animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower antimicrobial resistance (AMR) levels than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from 6 U. S. cities. Samples with a RWA or USDA Organic claim ( N = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims ( N = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample and qPCR was used to determine the abundance of ten antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV = 46.3%; RWA = 34.4%, P &lt; 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV = 48.0%; RWA = 37.5%, P = 0.01) were more frequently detected in CONV. Salmonella were detected in 1.2% of samples. The ARG bla CTX-M (CONV = 4.1 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 3.8 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The ARGs mecA (CONV = 4.4 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.9 log 10 normalized abundance, P = 0.05), tet (A) (CONV = 3.9 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.5 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01), tet (B) (CONV = 3.9 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 4.5 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01), and tet (M) (CONV = 5.4 log 10 normalized abundance, RWA = 5.8 log 10 normalized abundance, P &lt; 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U. S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to AMR via ground beef quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative assessments regarding the human health impacts of antimicrobial uses during beef production.

Characterization and Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Integrons in Bacteria Isolated from Cooked Meat Products in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2048-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Xiaobing Jiang ◽  
Yu Liang ◽  
Yanping Zhu ◽  
Jinhe Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Cooked Meat ◽  
Cooked Meat Products

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance and the presence and transferability of corresponding resistance genes and integrons in bacteria isolated from cooked meat samples in the People's Republic of China. A total of 150 isolates (22 species belonging to 15 genera) were isolated from 49 samples. Resistance of these isolates to antimicrobials was commonly observed; 42.7, 36.0, and 25.3% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and ampicillin, respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in 41 (27.3%) of the isolates. Sixteen resistance genes, i.e., blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-14 (β-lactams), aac(3)-IIa (gentamicin), strA and strB (streptomycin), qnrB and qnrS (fluoroquinolone), sul1, sul2, and sul3 (sulfamethoxazole), cat1 and cat2 (chloramphenicol), and tetM, tetA, tetS, and tetB (tetracycline), were found in 54 isolates. One isolate of Pseudomonas putida carried qnrB, and sequence analysis of the PCR product revealed 96% identity to qnrB2. The qnr genes were found coresiding and were cotransferred with bla genes in two isolates. Twelve isolates were positive for the class 1 integrase gene, and four isolates carried the class 2 integrase gene. However, no class 3 integrase gene was detected. One isolate of Proteus mirabilis carried dfrA32-ereA-aadA2, and this unusual array could be transferred to Escherichia coli. Nonclassic class 1 integrons lacking qacEΔ1 and sul1 genes were found in 2 of the 12 intI1-positive isolates. Our results revealed the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in cooked meats and the presence and transferability of resistance genes in some isolates, suggesting that cooked meat products may act as reservoirs of drug-resistant bacteria and may facilitate the spread of resistance genes.

Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Food Service Ground Beef Products with and without a “Raised without Antibiotics” Claim

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 2007-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIT VIKRAM ◽  
ERIC MILLER ◽  
TERRANCE M. ARTHUR ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
TOMMY L. WHEELER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Metagenomic Dna ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log2 Fold Change ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

ABSTRACTU.S. ground beef with “raised without antibiotics” (RWA) label claims are perceived as harboring fewer bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than are found in conventional (CONV) ground beef with no such label claim. A total of 370 ground beef samples from CONV (n = 191) and RWA (n = 179) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TETr S. enterica, 3GCr S. enterica, nalidixic acid–resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., TETr Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. TETr E. coli was more frequently detected in CONV ground beef (CONV, 54.2%; RWA, 35.2%; P &lt; 0.01), but supplier (P &lt; 0.01) and production system × suppler interaction (P &lt; 0.01) effects were also significant. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). The abundance of aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. The tet(A) (2.9-log2-fold change, P = 0.04) and tet(B) (5.6-log2-fold change) (P = 0.03) genes were significantly more abundant in RWA ground beef. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ground beef microbiomes differed more by supplier than by production system. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting antimicrobial use in U.S. beef cattle has minimal impact on the AMR of bacteria found in these products. These results should spur a reevaluation of assumptions regarding the impact of antimicrobial use during U.S. beef production on the AMR of bacteria in ground beef.

scholarly journals Resistance determinants and their genetic context in enterobacteria from a longitudinal study of pigs reared under various husbandry conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Poulin-Laprade ◽  
Jean-Simon Brouard ◽  
Nathalie Gagnon ◽  
Annie Turcotte ◽  
Alexandra Langlois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The Impact

Pigs are major reservoirs of resistant Enterobacteriaceae that can reach humans through consumption of contaminated meat or vegetables grown in manure-fertilized soil. Samples were collected from sows during lactation and their piglets at five time points spanning the production cycle. Cefotaxime-resistant bacteria were quantified and isolated from feed, feces, manures and carcasses of pigs reared with penicillin-using or antibiotic-free husbandries. The isolates were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, whole genome sequencing and conjugation assays. The extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype was more frequent in isolates originating from antibiotic-free animals, while the bacteria isolated from penicillin-using animals were on average resistant to a greater number of antibiotics. The ESBL-encoding genes identified were blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCMY-2 and they co-localised on plasmids with various genes encoding resistance to ß-lactams, co-trimoxazole, phenicols and tetracycline, all antibiotics used in pig production. Groups of genes conferring the observed resistance and the mobile elements disseminating multidrug resistance were determined. The observed resistance to ß-lactams was mainly due to the complementary actions of penicillin-binding proteins, an efflux pump and ß-lactamases. Most resistance determinants were shared by animals raised with or without antimicrobials. This suggests a key contribution of indigenous enterobacteria maternally transmitted along the sow lineage, regardless of antimicrobial use. It is unclear if the antimicrobial resistance observed in the enterobacteria populations of the commercial pig herds studied were present before the use of antibiotics, or the extent to which historical antimicrobial use exerted a selective pressure defining the resistant bacterial populations in farms using penicillin prophylaxis. Importance: Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that needs to be fought on numerous fronts along the One Health continuum. Vast quantities of antimicrobials are used in agriculture to ensure animal welfare and productivity, and are arguably a driving force for the persistence of environmental and food-borne resistant bacteria. This study evaluated the impact of conventional, organic and other antibiotic-free husbandry practices on the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance genes and multidrug resistant enterobacteria. It provides knowledge about the relative contribution of specific resistance determinants to observed antibiotic resistance. It also showed the clear co-selection of genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and genes coding for the resistance to antibiotics commonly used for prophylaxis or in curative treatments in pig operations.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial use and production system shape the fecal, environmental, and slurry resistomes of pig farms

Microbiome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Mencía-Ares ◽  
Raúl Cabrera-Rubio ◽  
José Francisco Cobo-Díaz ◽  
Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez ◽  
Manuel Gómez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
One Health ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Background The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health problem impacted by antimicrobial use (AMU) for human and livestock applications. Extensive Iberian swine production is based on a more sustainable and eco-friendly management system, providing an excellent opportunity to evaluate how sustained differences in AMU impact the resistome, not only in the animals but also on the farm environment. Here, we evaluate the resistome footprint of an extensive pig farming system, maintained for decades, as compared to that of industrialized intensive pig farming by analyzing 105 fecal, environmental and slurry metagenomes from 38 farms. Results Our results evidence a significantly higher abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on intensive farms and a link between AMU and AMR to certain antimicrobial classes. We observed differences in the resistome across sample types, with a higher richness and dispersion of ARGs within environmental samples than on those from feces or slurry. Indeed, a deeper analysis revealed that differences among the three sample types were defined by taxa-ARGs associations. Interestingly, mobilome analyses revealed that the observed AMR differences between intensive and extensive farms could be linked to differences in the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Thus, while there were no differences in the abundance of chromosomal-associated ARGs between intensive and extensive herds, a significantly higher abundance of integrons in the environment and plasmids, regardless of the sample type, was detected on intensive farms. Conclusions Overall, this study shows how AMU, production system, and sample type influence, mainly through MGEs, the profile and dispersion of ARGs in pig production.

Antimicrobial resistance in Bacillus-based biopesticide products

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mo Kaze ◽  
Lauren Brooks ◽  
Mark Sistrom
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
High Concentrations

The crisis of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections is one of the most pressing public health issues. Common agricultural practices have been implicated in the generation of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Biopesticides, live bacteria used for pest control, are non-pathogenic and considered safe for consumption. Application of bacteria-based pesticides to crops in high concentrations raises the possibility of unintentional contributions to the movement and generation of antimicrobial resistance genes in the environment. However, the presence of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes and their resistance phenotypes are currently unknown. Here we use a combination of multiple bioinformatic and microbiological techniques to define resistomes of widely used biopesticides and determine how the presence of suspected antimicrobial resistance genes translates to observable resistance phenotypes in several biopesticide products. Our results demonstrate that biopesticide products are reservoirs of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes and bear resistance to multiple drug classes.

scholarly journals Computational Health Engineering Applied to Model Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance Spread

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Cartelle Gestal ◽  
Margaret R. Dedloff ◽  
Eva Torres-Sangiao
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Infectious diseases are the primary cause of mortality worldwide. The dangers of infectious disease are compounded with antimicrobial resistance, which remains the greatest concern for human health. Although novel approaches are under investigation, the World Health Organization predicts that by 2050, septicaemia caused by antimicrobial resistant bacteria could result in 10 million deaths per year. One of the main challenges in medical microbiology is to develop novel experimental approaches, which enable a better understanding of bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance. After the introduction of whole genome sequencing, there was a great improvement in bacterial detection and identification, which also enabled the characterization of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes. Today, the use of in silico experiments jointly with computational and machine learning offer an in depth understanding of systems biology, allowing us to use this knowledge for the prevention, prediction, and control of infectious disease. Herein, the aim of this review is to discuss the latest advances in human health engineering and their applicability in the control of infectious diseases. An in-depth knowledge of host–pathogen–protein interactions, combined with a better understanding of a host’s immune response and bacterial fitness, are key determinants for halting infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

scholarly journals Removal of antimicrobial prophylaxis and its effect on swine carriage of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 003685042110502
Author(s):  
Fernanda Loayza-Villa ◽  
Alejandro Torres ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Gabriel Trueba
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Food Animal ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Impact

The use of antimicrobials in the food animal industry has caused an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes, which can be transferred to the microbiota of humans through the food chain or the environment. To reduce the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance, restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animals have been implemented in different countries. We investigated the impact of an antimicrobial restriction intervention during two generations of pigs. Fecal samples were collected in five growth phases. The frequency of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria or antimicrobial resistance genes was analyzed. No differences in the richness or abundance of antimicrobial-resistant coliforms or antimicrobial resistance genes were found when animals fed with or without prophylactic antimicrobials were compared. Withholding antimicrobial supplementation did not negatively affect weight gain in pigs. Withdrawal of prophylactic antimicrobial consumption during two generations of pigs was not enough to reduce the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes, as measured by richness and abundance markers. This study indicates that the fitness costs associated with bacterial carriage of some antimicrobial resistance genes are low.

scholarly journals Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2047
Author(s):  
Magda Ferreira ◽  
Maria Ogren ◽  
Joana N. R. Dias ◽  
Marta Silva ◽  
Solange Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

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