scholarly journals Effect of the MS Bacteriophage on STEC O157:H7 Populations in Beef

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Laidler ◽  
E. L. Shebs ◽  
F. M. Giotto ◽  
M. J. Lukov ◽  
A. S. De Mello
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Applications

ObjectivesThis research was conducted to evaluate the killing efficiency of the Mello-Shebs (MS) O157:H7 bacteriophage against three strains of STEC O157:H7 in vitro and on beef surface under aerobic conditions.Materials and MethodsKilling efficiency of bacteriophage MS O157:H7 (University of Nevada, Reno– Meat Science library) was tested against three strains including ATCC® 43895 (stx1 and stx2 positive), ATCC® 43894 (stx1 and stx2 positive), and Micreos 128. To determine the efficiency of the phage in vitro, each strain of STEC O157:H7 was incubated at 37°C overnight and then diluted to achieve 1500 CFU/mL. Subsequently, 0.1 mL of this dilution for each strain was plated onto 1.6% LB agar plates. The experimental plates received 0.1 mL of phage solution at 108 PFU/ml, in quadruplicate. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and the resulting colonies were counted and compared to controls to determine killing efficiency of the phage against each STEC strain. To evaluate the effect of bacteriophage application on beef, m. cutaneous trunci (rose meat, IMPS 194) were sourced from a USDA inspected facility, fabricated into 100 cm2 and randomly assigned to either control or treatment groups. Samples acclimated to 7°C were inoculated with a STEC cocktail to result in a contamination level of approximately 3 log CFU/cm2 on meat surfaces after swabbing. After bacterial attachment for 30 min at 7°C, control samples were treated with sterile buffered peptone water (BPW) and experimental samples were treated with the phage solution at 108 PFU/ml. After dwelling for 1 h at 7°C, samples were swabbed and the resulting 1 mL was thoroughly vortexed, serial diluted, and plated onto LB plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and the resulting colonies were counted. Data was analyzed as a completely randomized design in SAS. Means were separated by LSMEANS and differences were indicated by using DIFF functions.ResultsIn vitro killing efficiency of bacteriophage MS O157:H7 was determined to be 85%, 98.89%, and 97.16% for ATCC® 43894, ATCC® 43895, and Micreos 128 strains, respectively. On beef, bacteriophage application significantly decreased STEC loads by 0.626 log CFU/cm2 (P = 0.0184, SEM = 0.21).ConclusionBacteriophage MS-O157:H7 applications as an antimicrobial on beef reduces STEC O157:H7 populations on contaminated beef. Commercial applications of this bacteriophage may improve STEC control in meat products, however, having this treatment combined with other interventions such as organic acids or UV light treatment may increase the killing efficiency of STEC populations, warranting further research to determine industry applicability.

Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Fauzia Andrini ◽  
Yulis Hamidy
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan Anggrek Dendrobium anosmum Pada Media Kultur In Vitro Dengan Beberapa Konsentrasi Air Kelapa

Agrologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tuhuteru ◽  
Meity L Hehanussa ◽  
Simon H.T Raharjo
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Medium Composition ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Dendrobium anosmum is one of natural orchids in Indonesia. Optimization of medium composition for orchid propagation through in vitro culture is necessary to enhance propagule multiplication capabilities and quality. This study was aimed to study the influence of concentration of coconut water in culture medium on in vitro growth and development of D. anosmum orchid species and to determine the optimal coconut water concentration in culture media.  The experiment were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and eight replications. The treatments consisted of the addition of coconut water with concentrations: 0 ml•l -1 (control), 50 ml•l-1, 100 ml•l-1 and 150 ml•l-1. The results showed that addition of coconut water in culture medium gave different effect on shoot growth and multiplication of D. anosmum orchids.  Coconut water concentration of 100 ml•l-1 was the best concentration for growth and multiplication of D. anosmum orchids, based on both shoots and roots growth, plantlet height and wet weight.

PERBANDINGAN DAYA HAMBAT BAKTERI Pseudomonas fluorescens ASAL TOMAT, KEDELAI, DAN JAGUNG TERHADAP Ralstonia solanacearum SECARA IN VITRO

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aco Roni Kirihio ◽  
Ivonne Fitria Mariay ◽  
Cipta Meliala
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

<em>Inhibition of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates the origin of tomato, soybean and corn against Ralstonia solanacearum tested using a completely randomized design (CRD).        P. fluorescens growth was measured at King's B medium by way of suspension antagonist put on filter paper of 0.5 cm in diameter. Inhibition of P. fluorescens is done by placing the antagonist suspension of 0.5 cm diameter filter paper on NA media that has been deployed R. solanacearum. The results showed that: (a) the growth of P. fluorescens origin of tomato, soybean and corn on King's B media were not significantly different, (b) the inhibition of P. fluorescens isolates against R. solanacearum not significantly different and, (c) the inhibition of isolates P. fluorescens origin of tomato, soybean and corn against R. solanacearum in vitro relatively strong</em>

scholarly journals Seed treatment for management of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 2995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriely Alves de Almeida ◽  
Vinicius Hicaro Frederico Abe ◽  
Ricardo Marcelo Gonçalves ◽  
Maria Isabel Balbi-Peña ◽  
Débora Cristina Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Soybean Plants

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the active ingredient abamectin, either in isolation or in combination with fungicides and insecticides formulated for the industrial seed treatment, on the population of Meloidogyne javanica, tested under greenhouse and in vitro conditions. In both tests, the combination of the following treatments was assessed: abamectin; thiamethoxam; fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole. Water was used as control for the in vitro assay, whereas under greenhouse conditions, controls were inoculated and not inoculated with M. javanica. The tests were conducted in a completely randomized design with six (in vitro) and ten (greenhouse) replicates. For in vitro studies the effect on hatching, motility, and mortality of juveniles of M. javanica was evaluated. Under greenhouse conditions, the soybean ‘BRS 133’ seeds were treated, and at 15, 30, and 60 days after inoculation (DAI) with M. javanica, plant measurements were recorded. The penetration of second stage juveniles (J2) was also evaluated at 15 DAI. At 30 DAI, galls, egg masses, nematodes/g of root, and final population were evaluated. At 60 DAI, the final population of nematodes in the roots was quantified. The treatments containing abamectin were the most effective in diminishing the hatching of juveniles. All treatments had an effect on nematode motility when compared to the control, and in the treatment containing only abamectin, total juvenile mortality was observed. In greenhouse conditions, at 15 DAI, the treated soybean plants had the highest root mass and shoot length, differing statistically from the inoculated control. All treatments reduced the number of nematodes per gram of root, differing from the control. At 30 DAI, treatment efficiency was observed in reducing the final population of M. javanica, particularly the treatments using abamectin, and abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M + thiabendazole. However, at 60 DAI, the effect of the treatments on the population of M. javanica did not persist.

Subsitusi Fitohormon Dengan Air Kelapa (Cocos nucifera L.) pada Medium Vacin and Went Terhadap Pertumbuhan Eksplan Anggrek Dendrobium sp Secara in Vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wulan Dari Neng Gumiwang ◽  
Tintrim Rahayu ◽  
Ari Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Culture Bottle ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Cocos Nucifera L

The purpose of this research is to determine the concentration of young coconut water that is appropriate for the growth of orchid plantlets (Dendrobium sp.) In vitro. This study used an experimental method, descriptive data analysis to compare several different concentrations of coconut water. The design of this study uses a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments consist of 0% coconut water concentration (as a control), 15%, 30% and 60%. Each concentration was carried out 5 replications and each repetition consisted of 5 Dendrobium sp plantlets in each culture bottle conducted for 40 HST, for observing the root length carried out for 50 HST. The highest number of shoots and leaves were produced at the same concentration, namely 150 ml / L coconut water treatment (15% concentration) with an average of 2.8 shoots and the average number of leaves 10.8 leaves. The average number of roots and the longest root length was produced at a concentration of 600 ml / L coconut water (60% concentration) with an average of 6 roots, and the longest root length was 0.5 cm.Keywords: Young coconut water, (Cocos nucifera L.), Dendrobium sp., in vitro, growth.ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini ialah menentukan konsentrasi air kelapa muda yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan planlet anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen, analisis data secara deskriptif untuk membandingan beberapa konsentrasi air kelapa yang berbeda. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Perlakukan terdiri dari konsentrasi air kelapa 0 % (sebagai kontrol), 15% , 30% dan 60%. Masing-masing konsentrasi dilakukan 5 kali ulangan dan setiap ulangan terdiri dari 5 planlet Dendrobium sp dalam setiap botol kultur yang dilakukan selama 40 HST, untuk pengamatan panjang akar dilakukan selama 50 HST. Jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun terbanyak dihasilkan pada konsentrasi yang sama, yaitu perlakuan air kelapa 150 ml/L (konsentrasi 15%)  dengan rata-rata jumlah tunas terbanyak 2,8 tunas dan rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak 10,8 helai daun. Rata-rata jumlah akar terbanyak dan panjang akar terpanjang dihasilkan pada konsentrasi air kelapa 600 ml/L (Konsentrasi 60%) dengan rata-rata jumlah akar terbanyak sebanyak 6 akar, dan rata-rata panjang akar terpanjang 0,5 cm.Kata kunci : Air kelapa Muda (Cocos nucifera L.), Dendrobium sp., in vitro, pertumbuhan 

scholarly journals Reduction in the in vitro sensitivity oF Drechslera tritici-repentis, isolated from wheat, to strobilurin and triazole fungicides

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Rosane Baldiga Tonin ◽  
Erlei Melo Reis ◽  
Aveline Avozani
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Inhibition Data ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Control Failure ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitors ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT Reports of failure in the chemical control of wheat yellow leaf spot led to determination of the sensitivity of Drechslera tritici-repentis (Dtr) to the fungicides quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) and demethylation inhibitors (DMIs). The IC50 was obtained for strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin) and for triazoles (cyproconazole, epoxiconazole, propiconazole, prothioconazole and tebuconazole), using five Dtr isolates. Seven concentrations of the fungicides were tested in the bioassay: 0.00; 0.01; 0.10; 1.00; 10:00 and 20.00 and 40.00 mg/L active ingredient (a.i.). Assays consisted of completely randomized design and four replicates. Each experiment was performed twice, using the average of the two tests for statistical analysis. The percentage inhibition data for conidial germination (QoIs) and for mycelial growth (DMIs) were subjected to logarithmic regression analysis, calculating the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) based on the generated equation. There was a reduction in the sensitivity of Dtr isolates to strobilurins. IC50 values ranged from 0.58 to > 40.00 mg/L. The lowest sensitivity of isolates was detected for azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin. Pyraclostrobin was most efficient, showing IC50 between 0.58 and 1.03 mg/L. The IC50 ranged from 0.35 to 1.37 mg/L for epoxiconazole, from 0.49 to 1.28 mg/L for propiconazole and from 1.41 to 2.34 mg/L for tebuconazole. Prothioconazole was most potent, showing IC50 between 0.09 and 0.21 mg/L. The hypothesis that the control failure can be attributed to the reduced Dtr sensitivity to the fungicides QoIs and DMIs was confirmed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Ekstrak Rebusan Daun Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Rinawati Rinawati ◽  
E Suharyanto ◽  
Nastiti Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Adult Leaf ◽  
Reduce Blood Glucose ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Tithonia diversifolia is a plant that has the potential to reduce blood glucose levels that is crucial in Diabetes Mellitus therapy. This study aims to determine the active compounds contained in the extract of T. diversifolia leaves decoction, the effect of decoction extract on the reduction of blood glucose, and the most effective decoction extract to reduce blood glucose levels as well. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the research treatment groups, namely: Kn = normal control (normal mice and not given leaves decoction extract), Ka = STZ control (DM mice, which are normal mice induced by 65mg/Kg of STZ), Kp = treatment control (normal mice given leaf decoction extract) , P1 = DM + mice were given young leaf decoction extract, P2 = DM + mice were given a mixture of young leaf and adult leaf decoction extract, P3 = DM + mice were given adult leaf decoction extract. The leaves used for decoction were 1-6 leaves from the shoots. The analysis of T. diversifolia leaves decoction compounds is using the visible spectrophotometers for tannins, phenols and flavonoids and GC-MS for terpenoid analysis. The result found that Tithonia diversifolia leaves decoction extracts contain tannins, flavonoids and phenols, while terpenoids are not detected. The leaves decoction extracts of T. diversifolia influenced the decreases in blood glucose levels of DM mice, especially the decoction extract of adult leaves which reduced blood glucose levels to 71.16%.

scholarly journals Methionine plus cystine requirements for the maintenance and efficiency of utilization with tambaqui of different body weights

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neliane Galvão Porto ◽  
Felipe Barbosa Ribeiro ◽  
Jefferson Costa de Siqueira ◽  
Marcos Antonio Delmondes Bomfim ◽  
Rafael Silva Marchão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Native Fish ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT Methionine is an essential amino acid, and generally, the first limiting one in the diets of tambaqui, the main native fish produced in continental aquaculture in South America. However, there is a lack of information on their amino acid requirement, especially for maintenance and efficiency of utilization. The present study aimed to determine the requirement of [methionine plus cystine] for the maintenance and efficiency of utilization using tambaqui of different body weights. Two experiments were carried out using 250 tambaqui with weights of 100 and 300 g. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatment groups (0.264, 0.396, 0.528, and 0.660% of digestible [Met + Cys]), five replications. The control treatment (CT) was performed with the addition of methionine at the first level (0.264%) until the second level was reached (0.396%). The maintenance requirement was determined by the regression analysis between the consumption of [Met + Cys] and protein retention equal to zero. The efficiency was determined using the value of the slope coefficient of the line obtained by the linear regression. The protein and methionine retention values of tambaqui weighing 100 to 300 g were compared by the parallelism test, and no difference was observed between the parameters of the equations indicating the need for only one equation to describe the responses to body weights. The requirement of digestible [Met + Cys] for the maintenance of tambaqui with weights from 100 to 300 g was 60.47 mg kg-0.7 day-1 and the efficiency of utilization of 42%.

scholarly journals Eksplorasi Rizobakteri Indigenous Dan Uji Antagonis Terhadap Patogen Rigidoporus microporus Dan Phellinus noxius Pada Tanaman Karet (Hevea brasiliensis) Secara In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Murtadha Murtadha ◽  
M. Abduh Ulim ◽  
Syamsuddin Syamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Experimental Stage ◽  
Phellinus Noxius ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstrak.  Penelitian bertujuaan untuk mendapatkan isolat rizobakteri yang mampu berperan sebagai agens biokontrol terhadap pengendalian patogen R. microporus dan P. noxius secara in vitro serta sebagai agen rizobakteri pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman (RPPT). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih Jurusan Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Darussalam Banda Aceh, mulai Oktober sampai Desember 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap non faktorial. Faktor yang diteliti yaitu isolat rizobakteri, taraf yang dicobakan terdiri dari 15 isolat dan dua patogen antagonis R. microporus dan P. noxius, yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga terdapat 90 unit satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunujukkan isolat rizobakteri mampu menekan pertumbuhan koloni cendawan patogen. Pada patogen uji R. microporus terdapat 3 rizobakteri yang paling baik yaitu isolat DLG5/3 dengan persentase penghambatan 68,33%, DLG4/1 dengan persentase penghambatan 66,66% dan DLG4/7 dengan persentase penghambatan 63,33%. Pada patogen uji P.noxius terdapat dua rizobakteri yang paling baik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan koloni cendawan patogen yaitu isolat DLG5/1 dengan persentase penghambatan 60,33%, dan DKP6/3 dengan persentase penghambatan 52,50%. Pada laju penghambatan isolat rizobakteri yang paling baik pada patogen R. microporus yaitu isolat DLG6/4 dan DKP4/1 dengan nilai rerata laju penghambatan 20,33 mm/hari. Pada patogen P. noxius menunjukan isolat rizobakteri yang paling baik yaitu isolat DLG4/1 dengan nilai laju penghambatan 12,05 mm/hari.Exploration of Indigenous Rizobacteria and Antagonistic Test against Patogen Rigidoporus microporus And Phellinus noxius In Rubber Plant (Hevea brasiliensis) In VitroAbstract. The research was conducted to obtain rhizobacteria isolates capable of acting as biocontrol agents on pathogen control of R. microporus and P. noxius in vitro and as plant growth promoter rhizobacteria (PGPR). The research was conducted at the Science and Technology of seed Laboratory, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam Banda Aceh, starts from October to December 2017. The research using Completely Randomized Design non factorial. Factors researched were rhizobacteria isolates, the experimental stage consisted of 15 isolates and 2 antagonist were R. microporus dan P. noxius, and 3 time repeated until be found 90 units of treatment. The results showed that rhizobacteria isolates capable to inhibith growth of colonies pathogenic. In the pathogen of R. microporus test, there are 3 better rhizobacteria were DLG5/3 isolate with 68.33% inhibition percentage, DLG4/1 with 66.66% inhibition percentage and DLG4/7 with 63,33% inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of P. noxius there are 2 best rhizobacteria inhibiting growth, DLG5/1 isolate with 60.33% inhibition percentage, and DKP6/3 with 52,50% inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of R. microporus test, there are 2 better rhizobacteria were DLG6/4 and DKP4/1 with 20,33 mm/day inhibition percentage. In the pathogen of P. noxius test,  the best rhizobacteria were DLG4/1  with 12,05 mm/day inhibition percentage. 

scholarly journals Efektifitas Pestisida Biologis Bacillus Cereus dan Bacillus Megaterium. sebagai Pengendali Spodoptera litura Fabr (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Indra Agastya ◽  
Aminudin Afandhi ◽  
Luqman Qurata Aini
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

This research was conducted in vitro in the laboratory. Studies conducted in the Laboratory of Bacteriology Department of Plant Pests and Diseases of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, on the effectiveness of the bacteria Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium as biological pesticides controlling Spodoptera litura. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the bacteria Bacillus sp as biological control. Effectiveness pesticide was measured by testing the incubation period and mortality in larvae of S. litura instar 3. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), conducted observations every 6 hours until the larvae dead. The results showed that the percentage of mortality of S. litura reached 94.66% compared to the control, while the incubation time of the bacteria B. cereus cause disease until 29.84 hours. B. cereus and B. megaterium have the ability to incubate third instar larvae of S. litura up to 29.84 hours and caused the death of larvae up to 94.66%. Keywords: Biological pesticides, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, entomopatogen, Spodoptera litura

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