scholarly journals Race, Ethnicity, Family Socioeconomic Status, and Children’s Hippocampus Volume

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. p25
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
White Families ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
American Children ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hippocampus Volume ◽  
Family Ses

Introduction: The hippocampus has a significant role in memory, learning, and cognition. Although hippocampal size is highly susceptible to family socioeconomic status (SES) and associated stress, very little is known on racial and ethnic group differences in the effects of SES indicators on hippocampus volume among American children. Purpose: This study explored the multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity, and family SES on hippocampus volume among American children. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD), we analyzed the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of 9390 9-10 years old children. The main outcome was hippocampus volume. The predictor was parental education. Subjective family SES was the independent variable. Age, sex, and marital status were the covariates. Racial and ethnic group membership were the moderators. To analyze the data, we used regression models. Results: High subjective family SES was associated with larger hippocampus volume. This effect was significantly larger for Whites than Black families. Conclusions: The effect of subjective family SES on children’s hippocampus volume is weaker in Black than White families.

scholarly journals Mental Rotation in American Children: Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Black Families

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-141
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Efficiency Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
White Children ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
White Families ◽  
American Children

Background: While parental education and family socioeconomic status (SES) are associated with an increase in children’s cognitive functioning, and less is known about racial variation in these effects. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that, under racism and social stratification, family SES and particularly parental education show weaker effects on children’s tangible outcomes for marginalized, racialized, and minoritized families, particularly Blacks, compared to Whites. Aim: We conducted this study to compare the effect of parental education on children’s mental rotation abilities, as an important aspect of cognitive function, by race. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 11,135 9–10-year-old American children. Data came from baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was parental education. The dependent variable, mental rotation, was measured by the Little Man Task. Ethnicity, gender, age, marital status, and household income were the covariates. Results: Parental education was positively associated with mental rotation. However, parental education showed a weaker association with mental rotation in Black than in White families. This was documented by a significant interaction between race and parental education on children’s efficiency score. Conclusion: Parental education shows a weaker correlation with mental rotation of Black rather than White children, which is probably because of racism, social stratification, and discrimination. This finding is in line with the MDRs phenomenon and suggests that marginalization and racism may interfere with the influences of parental assets and resources and Black American children’s development.

scholarly journals Parental Education and Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation: Minorities’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. p132
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
White Families ◽  
Reward Anticipation ◽  
American Children ◽  
The Right ◽  
Family Ses

Background. Considerable research has documented the effects of race and Socioeconomic Status (SES) on reward-seeking behaviors; however, less is known about the multiplicative effects of race and family SES on brain response to reward anticipation. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that family SES would show weaker effects on brain development of children in non-White families than in White families. Objective. To test race by SES variation in Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) response to reward anticipation (NAcc-RA) among American children. Methods. For this cross-sectional analysis, data came from the Adolescents Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 6,419,9-10 year old children. The independent variable was parental education. The moderator was race. The primary outcome was the right NAcc-RA. Age, sex, ethnicity, household income, and family structure were the covariates. We used mixed-effect regression models that adjusted for the nested nature of the ABCD data. Results. While high parental education was associated with a higher amount of right NAcc-RA, this effect was stronger for White than non-White children. This finding was evident in the observed interactions between race and parental education on the right NAcc-RA. Discussion. For American children, NAcc-RA is not shaped by race or family SES, but by their intersection. As a result of the interaction between race and SES (diminished return of SES for non-Whites), middle-class racial minority children may remain susceptible to high-risk behaviors. Disparities in high-risk behaviors in children should not be reduced to economic disparities. Structural inequalities may reduce the return of SES resources for non-White families.

scholarly journals Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Amygdala Volume: Minorities’ Diminish Returns

NeuroSci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Latino Children ◽  
Amygdala Volume ◽  
American Children ◽  
Subjective Ses ◽  
Family Ses ◽  
Black And Latino

Considerable research has suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES) negatively influences brain structure, including but not limited to decreased amygdala volume. Considering race and ethnicity as sociological rather than biological constructs, this study was built on minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) to test if the effects of family SES on the total amygdala volume is weaker for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. We borrowed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a national multi-center brain imaging investigation of childhood brain development in the US. The total sample was 9380 9–10-year-old children. The independent variables were subjective family SES and parental education. The primary outcome was total amygdala volume. High subjective SES and parental education were independently associated with larger total amygdala size. The association between high subjective SES and larger total amygdala volume was less pronounced for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. For American children, family SES has unequal effects on amygdala size and function, a pattern that is consistent with MDRs. This result suggests that SES loses some of its expected effects for racial and ethnic minority families.

Inequalities in adolescent self-rated health and smoking in Europe: comparing different indicators of socioeconomic status

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Moor ◽  
Mirte A G Kuipers ◽  
Vincent Lorant ◽  
Timo-Kolja Pförtner ◽  
Jaana M Kinnunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Adolescent Health ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Family Affluence ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Pocket Money ◽  
Family Ses

BackgroundAlthough there is evidence for socioeconomic inequalities in health and health behaviour in adolescents, different indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) have rarely been compared within one data sample. We examined associations of five SES indicators with self-rated health (SRH) and smoking (ie, a leading cause of health inequalities) in Europe.MethodsData of adolescents aged 14–17 years old were obtained from the 2013 SILNE survey (smoking inequalities: learning from natural experiments), carried out in 50 schools in 6 European cities (N=10 900). Capturing subjective perceptions of relative SES and objective measures of education and wealth, we measured adolescents’ own SES (academic performance, pocket money), parental SES (parental educational level) and family SES (Family Affluence Scale, subjective social status (SSS)). Logistic regression models with SRH and smoking as dependent variables included all SES indicators, age and gender.ResultsCorrelations between SES indicators were weak to moderate. Low academic performance (OR=1.96, 95% CI 1.53 to 2.51) and low SSS (OR=2.75, 95% CI 2.12 to 3.55) were the strongest indicators of poor SRH after adjusting for other SES-indicators. Results for SSS were consistent across countries, while associations with academic performance varied. Low academic performance (OR=5.71, 95% CI 4.63 to 7.06) and more pocket money (OR=0.21, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.26) were most strongly associated with smoking in all countries.ConclusionsSocioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health were largest according to SES indicators more closely related to the adolescent’s education as well as the adolescent’s perception of relative family SES, rather than objective indicators of parental education and material family affluence. For future studies on adolescent health inequalities, consideration of adolescent-related SES indicators was recommended.

scholarly journals American Children’s Screen Time: Diminished Returns of Household Income in Black Families

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
White Families ◽  
American Children

While increased household income is associated with overall decreased screen time for children, less is known about the effect of racial variation on this association. According to Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, family income and other economic resources show weaker association with children’s developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for racialized groups such as black families, due to the effect of racism and social stratification. In this study, we investigated the association, by race, between family income and children’s screen time, as a proxy of screen time. This longitudinal study followed 15,022 American children aged 9–11 over a 1-year period. The data came from the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was family income, and it was categorized as a three-level nominal variable. The dependent variable, screen time, was a continuous variable. Ethnicity, gender, parental education, and marital status were the covariates. The results showed that family income was inversely associated with children’s screen time. However, there was a weaker inverse association seen in black families when compared with white families. This was documented by a significant statistical interaction between race and family income on children’s screen time. Diminished association between family income and children’s screen time for black families, compared with white families, is similar to MDRs and reflects a health risk to high-income black children. In a society where race and skin color determine opportunities and treatment by society, children from middle class black families remain at risk across multiple domains. We should not assume that income similarly promotes the health of all racial and ethnic groups. Addressing health and behavioral inequalities requires interventions that go beyond equalizing socioeconomic resources for black families. Marginalization, racism, and poverty interfere with the normal family income-related development of American children.

Relationship between Family Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive/Affective Responses to the Threat of Nuclear War

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott B. Hamilton ◽  
Thomas A. Knox ◽  
William G. Keilin
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Nuclear Threat ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
College Age ◽  
Life Impact ◽  
Cognitive Rumination

The current study involved 214 families (i.e., mother, father, and a college-age child), who were divided into high and low socioeconomic status groups on the basis of parental education and income. Dependent measures included 16 Likert-type items which provided a broad assessment of nuclear war-related thoughts, feelings, and attitudes. Results indicated that families high in socioeconomic status were more worried about nuclear war, more confident in their ability to help reduce the nuclear threat, and more supportive of proposals for arms reduction. However, groups did not differ on several other important measures (e.g., over-all life impact resulting from the nuclear threat), and the absolute levels of worry and cognitive rumination were relatively low.

scholarly journals Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Peer Relationships: Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Perceived Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Bai ◽  
Liping Jiang ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Song Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
Contrast Analysis

This study explored the relationships between subjective family socioeconomic status (FSES), self-esteem, perceived stress, and perceived peer relationships among Chinese adolescents. A total of 1,353 adolescents (age range: 15–19 years) were asked to complete a questionnaire. Mediation analysis revealed that subjective FSES influenced perceived peer relationships in three ways: first, through the mediating effect of perceived stress; second, through the mediating effect of self-esteem; and third, through the serial mediating effects of perceived stress and self-esteem. The results remained significant after controlling for parental education. In addition, a contrast analysis showed no significant differences in the mediating effects of self-esteem and perceived stress. Thus, we suggest that steps should be taken to improve adolescents' self-esteem and reduce their stress through training interventions and preventive measures, to help them improve their perceived peer relationships and reduce adverse effects associated with low subjective FSES.

scholarly journals How Race Counts for Latinx Homeownership

2020 ◽  
pp. 089692052097408
Author(s):  
Brandon P. Martinez ◽  
Alan A. Aja
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
White Families ◽  
Racial Wealth Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Home Values ◽  
Housing Outcomes

In recent decades, the racial wealth gap has widened with extant literature reporting that Black and Latinx families hold fewer assets than white families. One such asset that receives substantial attention because of its wealth-generating principles is homeownership. Whereas intergroup homeownership inequalities are found throughout the literature, less is known about racialized inequality within groups. Latinxs provide a novel case for exploring how racialized homeownership inequality is structured within an ethnic group. Using data from the American Community Survey, we examine the odds of homeownership and predicted logged home values among Latinxs. We find that the association between race and housing outcomes varies substantially across Latinx groups. Drawing from theories of Latinx racial identity and the future of racial structures, we discuss the implications of our findings for understanding racial inequality among Latinx groups.

scholarly journals Undercontrolled Temperament at Age 3 Predicts Disordered Gambling at Age 32

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Slutske ◽  
Terrie E. Moffitt ◽  
Richie Poulton ◽  
Avshalom Caspi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Disordered Gambling ◽  
Observational Assessment ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gambling Prevention

Using data from the large, 30-year prospective Dunedin cohort study, we examined whether preexisting individual differences in childhood temperament predicted adulthood disordered gambling (a diagnosis covering the full continuum of gambling-related problems). A 90-min observational assessment at age 3 was used to categorize children into five temperament groups, including one primarily characterized by behavioral and emotional undercontrol. The children with undercontrolled temperament at 3 years of age were more than twice as likely to evidence disordered gambling at ages 21 and 32 than were children who were well-adjusted at age 3. These associations could not be explained by differences in childhood IQ or family socioeconomic status. Cleanly demonstrating the temporal relation between behavioral undercontrol and adult disordered gambling is an important step toward building more developmentally sensitive theories of disordered gambling and may put researchers in a better position to begin considering potential routes to disordered-gambling prevention through enhancing self-control and emotional regulation.

Effects of Family Structure, Family SES, and Adulthood Experiences on Life Satisfaction

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 986-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT V. LOUIS ◽  
SHANYANG ZHAO
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Race And Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Family Ses

Using data from the General Social Survey, 1989-1994, this study examines the effects of family structure, family socioeconomic status (SES), and adulthood experiences on life satisfaction. Regression analysis shows that both family structure and family SES are associated with life satisfaction in adulthood, controlling for age, gender, race, and education. However, neither family structure nor family SES remains significant after the inclusion of a set of adulthood life experience variables in the models. This finding calls for a better measure of family dynamics in childhood and further research on the joint effects of childhood family characteristics and adulthood life experiences on a person's psychological well-being.

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