scholarly journals Protective Effects of Maternal Education against Low Birth Weight Deliveries: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Background: Racial and economic disparities in low birth weight (LBW) deliveries is among the most well-established differences between Blacks and Whites. As LBW is an established risk factor for chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, it is particularly important to understand drivers of racial and economic disparities in LBW deliveries in urban areas. Aims: Built on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns framework, which argues that educational attainment generates fewer positive health outcomes for Black than White Americans, we conducted this study with three aims: 1) to test the association between mothers’ educational attainment and LBW of babies born in urban areas, 2) to compare Blacks and Whites for the effect of mothers’ educational attainment on LBW, and 3) to test whether LBW is predictive of future chronic diseases 15 years later. Methods: Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being / included a random sample of births in cities larger than 200,000 population. For the aims 1 and 2, we analyzed data of 2,922 births to Black (n = 2,146) or White (n = 776) mothers. For aim 3, we analyzed data of a subsample of 1,604 Black or White newborns who were followed to age 15. The presence or absence of chronic diseases was determined at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Maternal educational attainment was inversely associated with LBW overall. We, however, found a significant interaction between maternal educational attainment and race, suggesting that the inverse association between maternal education and LBW is weaker for Black than White babies. At the same time, LBW increased the odds of chronic disease 15 years later. Conclusions: Diminished returns of maternal educational attainment contribute to racial disparities in LBW, which in turn contributes to future racial inequalities in chronic diseases in urban settings. That is, smaller protective effects of maternal education on reducing LBW for Black than White children contribute to the high prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents in urban settings. Health disparities are not just due to racial differences in socioeconomic status but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as education for racial and ethnic minorities. Research should study contextual factors that reduce Blacks’ ability to translate their human capital to health outcomes in urban settings.

scholarly journals Maternal education and offspring birth weight for gestational age: the mediating effect of smoking during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Nakamura ◽  
Laura Pryor ◽  
Morgane Ballon ◽  
Sandrine Lioret ◽  
Barbara Heude ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Child Birth

Abstract Background Small for gestational age (SGA) birth weight, a risk factor for infant mortality and delayed child development, is associated with maternal educational attainment. Maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy could contribute to this association. We aimed to quantify the contribution of maternal smoking during pregnancy to social inequalities in child birth weight for gestational age (GA). Methods Data come from the French nation-wide ELFE cohort study, which included 17 155 singletons. Birth weights for GA were calculated using z-scores. Associations between maternal educational attainment, tobacco smoking during pregnancy and child birth weight for GA were ascertained using mediation analysis. Mediation analyses were also stratified by maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Results Low maternal educational attainment was associated with an increased odd of tobacco smoking during pregnancy [adjusted OR (ORa) = 2.58 (95% CI 2.34–2.84)] as well as a decrease in child birth weight for GA [RRa = 0.94 (95% CI 0.91–0.98)]. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy was associated with a decrease in offspring birth weight for GA [RRa = 0.73 (95% CI 0.70–0.76)]. Mediation analysis suggests that 39% of the effect of low maternal educational attainment on offspring birth weight for GA was mediated by smoking during pregnancy. A more important direct effect of maternal educational attainment on child birth weight for GA was observed among underweight women [RRa = 0.82 (95% CI 0.72–0.93)]. Conclusions The relationship between maternal educational attainment and child birth weight for GA is strongly mediated by smoking during pregnancy. Reducing maternal smoking could lessen the occurrence of infant SGA and decrease socioeconomic inequalities in birth weight for GA.

scholarly journals Family Income and Gang Presence in the Neighborhood: Diminished Returns of Black Families

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Cleopatra H. Caldwell ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Ron Mincy
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
White Families ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Background: Based on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, indicators of high socioeconomic status, such as higher family income, show weaker protective effects on various developmental, behavioral, and health outcomes for Black than White families. As a result of these MDRs, Black families who access education and income still report high levels of depression, smoking, obesity, and chronic disease. Limited knowledge exists on MDRs of income on neighborhood quality. Aims: Built on the MDRs framework, this study tested the hypothesis of whether the effect of family income and maternal education at birth on neighborhood gang presence varies between Black and White families. The hypotheses were that: (1) higher income families would report lower gang presence in their neighborhood, and (2) compared to Whites, Blacks would show weaker protective effects of family income on gang presence in their neighborhood. Methods: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a 15-year follow up study of a random sample of births in cities with larger than 200,000 population. Two thousand nine hundred and nineteen White or Black families were included and were followed from birth of their child for 15 years. The predictors were family income and maternal education at birth, treated as categorical variables. The outcome was gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Higher maternal education at birth was inversely associated with gang presence in the neighborhoods, while family income at birth did not show an effect on reducing gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15. Family income at birth and race interact, suggesting that the association between family income at birth and gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 was weaker for Black than White families. Our race-stratified models also showed an inverse effect of family income at birth on gang presence in the neighborhood at age 15 in White but not Black families. Conclusions: Diminished returns of family income at birth on neighborhood safety and social disorder may be a mechanism that contributes to racial health disparities in higher socioeconomic status and also poor outcomes for Black families across socioeconomic status (SES) levels. That is, a smaller protective effect of family income on changing the real lives of Black compared to White families may be one of the mechanisms by which health is worse than expected in Black families, across the entire SES spectrum. The health, behavioral, and developmental disparities are not only due to the racial gap in SES but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as family income for racial minorities. Research should study contextual and structural factors that reduce Black families’ ability to mobilize their human capital and secure health outcomes in urban settings.

scholarly journals Factors associated with low birth weight in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional analysis of the demographic and health survey 2015

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e025715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajat Das Gupta ◽  
Krystal Swasey ◽  
Vanessa Burrowes ◽  
Mohammad Rashidul Hashan ◽  
Gulam Muhammed Al Kibria
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) in Afghanistan.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used data collected from the Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015.ParticipantsFacility-based data from 2773 weighted live-born children enrolled by a two-stage sampling strategy were included in our analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was LBW, defined as birth weight <2.5kg.ResultsOut of 2773 newborns, 15.5% (n=431) had LBW. Most of these newborns were females (58.3%, n=251), had a mother with no formal schooling (70.5%, n=304), lived in urban areas (63.4%, n=274) or lived in the Central region of Afghanistan (59.7%, n=257). In multivariable analysis, residence in Central (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.4; 95% CI 1.7 to 6.7), Central Western (AOR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.8) and Southern Western (AOR: 4.0; 95% CI 1.7 to 9.1) regions had positive association with LBW. On the other hand, male children (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8), newborns with primary maternal education (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), birth interval ≥48 months (AOR: 0.4; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8), belonging to the richest wealth quintile (AOR: 0.2; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.6) and rural residence (AOR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6) had decreased odds of LBW.ConclusionsMultiple factors had association with LBW in Afghanistan. Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health programmes should focus on enhancing maternal education and promoting birth spacing to prevent LBW. To reduce the overall burden of LBW, women of the poorest wealth quintiles, and residents of Central, Central Western and South Western regions should also be prioritised. Further exploration is needed to understand why urban areas are associated with higher likelihood of LBW. In addition, research using nationally representative samples are required.

scholarly journals Unequal Protective Effects of Parental Educational Attainment on the Body Mass Index of Black and White Youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assari ◽  
Boyce ◽  
Bazargan ◽  
Mincy ◽  
Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
White Youth ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Background: Parental educational attainment is shown to be protective against health problems; the Minorities’ Diminished Returns theory, however, posits that these protective effects tend to be smaller for socially marginalized groups particularly blacks than whites. Aims: To explore racial differences in the effect of parental educational attainment on body mass index (BMI) in a national sample of US adolescents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we used baseline data of 10,701 (8678 white and 2023 black) 12–17 years old adolescents in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Parental educational attainment was the predictor. Youth BMI (based on self-reported weight and height) was the dependent variable. Age, gender, ethnicity, and family structure were covariates. Race was the focal moderator. Results: Overall, higher parental educational attainment was associated with lower youth BMI. Race, however, moderated the effect of parental educational attainment on BMI, suggesting that the protective effect of parenting educational attainment on BMI is significantly smaller for black than white youth. Conclusions: In the United States, race alters the health gains that are expected to follow parental educational attainment. While white youth who are from highly educated families are fit, black youth have high BMI at all levels of parental educational attainment. This means, while the most socially privileged group, whites, gain the most health from their parental education, blacks, the least privileged group, gain the least. Economic, social, public, and health policymakers should be aware that health disparities are not all due to lower socioeconomic status (SES) of the disadvantaged group but also diminished returns of SES resources for them. Black–white health disparities exist across all high socioeconomic status (SES) levels.

scholarly journals Tourist Activity of Senior Citizens (60+) Residing in Urban and Rural Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Omelan ◽  
Robert Podstawski ◽  
Marek Raczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Permanent Residence

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the influence of place of permanent residence (urban or rural) on the tourist activity of senior citizens (60+) of different socioeconomic statuses. The study involved 380 senior citizens (305 female and 75 male) aged 60 years and older who were permanent residents of the region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland. In this group, 244 subjects resided in urban areas and 136 participants were rural dwellers. The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their socioeconomic status (place of permanent residence, age, gender, educational attainment, financial status, membership in senior organizations, marital status, and professional activity) and tourist activity. A significance test of two structure coefficients (α=0.05) was applied. Factors such as gender, professional activity, and marital status were not related with the travel propensity of seniors from different groups (urban and rural), but were significant when rural residents were compared with urban dwellers. Seniors residing in urban areas of Warmia and Mazury, Poland, were significantly more likely to travel for leisure than those residing in rural areas. The tourist activity of seniors decreased significantly (p<0.05) with the age (60-74 years) and financial status of rural residents. The travel propensity of elderly people increased significantly (p<0.05) with educational attainment and membership in senior organizations. The study revealed considerable differences in the socioeconomic status and social characteristics of seniors residing in rural and urban areas, and those variations significantly influenced their propensity for travel: urban residents traveled more frequently than rural residents. It can be concluded that place of residence was a crucial factor determining the tourist behavior of senior citizens, and urban dwellers were more likely to travel.

scholarly journals Nutritional status of under- five children in a city of Maharashtra: a community based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmikant Purohit ◽  
Priyanka Sahu ◽  
Lata B. Godale
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Under Nutrition

Background: Children are considered to be the backbone of any nation. Nutritional problems among children cause major morbidity and mortality in India. India is home to the largest number of underweight and stunted children in the world. Aim and objectives: 1) To assess prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five children 2) To study factors associated with underweight, stunting and wasting among under-five childrenMethods: It was community based descriptive cross sectional study conducted during January 2010 to December 2011 at Urban Health Center of the Department of Preventive and Social Medicine catering approximately 27000 populations. 650 under- fives residing in urban field practice area were included in the study with the help of Stratified random sampling technique. Data was analyzed using SPSS software 16 version and OpenEpi Software Version 2.3.Results: 40.46% under five children were stunted, 38.15% were underweight, and 16% were wasted. The difference observed between stunted and normal study subjects with reference to type of family, education of mother, birth weight and birth order were statistically significant. The proportion of under- five children with underweight showed significant association with their age, socioeconomic status, education mother, birth weight and birth order. Proportion of under-five children with SAM and MAM decreased significantly with increase in education status of mother. Significantly higher proportion of under-five children with birth weight less than 2.5 kg and higher birth order were grouped as SAM and MAM.Conclusions: Maternal education, birth weight and birth order of children were significantly associated with all three types of under nutrition i.e. underweight, stunting and wasting. Proportion of children with underweight increases significantly with increase in age and decrease in socioeconomic status. There was no religion wise or gender wise variation in proportion of children with under nutrition was reported among study subjects.

scholarly journals Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment

Background: Minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) refer to weaker effects of socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as parental educational attainment and family income in generating tangible childhood outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities compared to the majority group, a pattern prevalent in the US. Our existing knowledge is minimal, however, about diminished returns of family SES on reducing exposure to childhood trauma. Aim: To determine if there was a difference between non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) in the effect of SES on exposure to childhood trauma among children ages 8–11 years old. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 4696 NHW or NHB American 8–11-year-old children who were participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The independent variables were parental educational attainment and family income. The primary outcome was exposure to 1 or 2+ childhood traumas, measured by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) semi-structured interview. Polynomial regression was used for data analysis. Results: Parental education and family income had statistically significant protective (negative) effects on childhood trauma, indicating children from high income and highly educated families were exposed to a lower level of childhood trauma. However, race/ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma, indicating weaker protective effects of parental education and family income on reducing exposure to trauma for NHB compared to NHW children. Race-specific models showed protective effects of parental education and family income on exposure to childhood trauma for NHW but not NHB children. Conclusion: The protective effects of parental education and family income against exposure to childhood trauma are systematically diminished for NHBs compared to NHWs. To minimize the racial/ethnic health gaps, diminished returns of parental education and family income should be addressed. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only SES but also the marginal returns of SES for ethnic groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder NHB families from translating their SES resources into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for NHB families, such that SES can similarly secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.

scholarly journals Maternal Socioeconomic and Nutritional Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Urban area of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Matin ◽  
SK Azimul ◽  
AKM Matiur ◽  
S Shamianaz ◽  
JH Shabnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Targeted Interventions

Objectives: Globally about 15.5% of all births are born with low birth weight (LBW) and in Bangladesh, LBW rate is quite high. The present study was conducted to determine the socioeconomic and nutritional factors affecting LBW in urban community of Bangladesh.Methods: This case control study was done at Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Normally delivered singleton live births babies from January 2003 to January 2005 were selected purposively and after enrollment all newborns birth weight was measured. Then from the total (N=583) study populations childmother pairs formed and were divided in LBW group (n=135) and NBW group (n=448). Data were collected regarding maternal socioeconomic and nutritional factors by interviewing the mothers and family members. Variables were analyzed to find out significant maternal factors affecting LBW.Results: The LBW incidences in this study was found 23.2%. And 51.1% of the LBW came from the mother of <20year of age group, 50% mothers of LBW were found illiterate, socioeconomic status was significantly more poor, maternal anaemia was found significantly more common in LBW and iron & vitamin supplementation during pregnancy were found significantly less among the mothers of LBW babies in comparison to NBW. Significant relationship was found between early maternal age, poor educational and socioeconomic status, anaemia, iron & vitamin supplementation during pregnancy with LBW. No relationship was found between LBW and maternal height but significant relationship was found with maternal weight and BMI.Conclusion: These findings suggest that selectively targeted interventions such as delay age at first pregnancy (at >20 year of age), improving maternal education and nutrition, iron and vitamin supplementation can prevent LBW in Bangladesh.. Key words: LBW (Low Birth Weight); NBW (Normal Birth Weight); IUGR(intrauterine growth retardation). DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v17i2.6588J Dhaka Med Coll. 2008; 17(2) : 83-87

scholarly journals Association Between Second Hand Smoke (SHS) Exposure In Pregnant Women And Their Socioeconomic Status (SES) And Its Interaction With Age: A Cross-Sectional Study In Urban Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Wensu ◽  
Zhu Xidi ◽  
Hu Zhao ◽  
Li Shaojie ◽  
Zheng Baohua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Shs Exposure

Abstract Background: The high rate of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure puts pregnant women at risk of various harms and identify relevant influence factors are vital for primary prevention. The study aimed to explore the effect of individual socioeconomic status (SES) on exposure to SHS exposure among pregnant women.Methods: A total of 678 non-smoker pregnant women from 14 communities of Hengyang city, Hunan province of China were recruited in this survey. A self-designed structural questionnaire was used to collect variables. Exposure to SHS was defined as self-reported smoking habit of spouse/partner. The individual SES consisted of martial status, educational attainment, employment and per-capita monthly income.Results: There were 238 (35.1%) participants suffered from SHS exposure during pregnancy. After adjusted for confounding variables, compared to the pregnant women who were employed, others were unemployed were more likely to suffer from SHS exposure (OR= 1.697; 95%CI: 1.102-2.614). Similarly, those women who had high school or technical secondary school education level were associated with SHS exposure compared with college or above education attachment (OR: 1.577, 95%CI: 1.020-2.437). The interaction effects between age and junior middle school or below educational attainment (OR: 1.131, 95%CI: 1.015-1.261), unstable marriage (OR: 1.380, 95%CI: 1.075-1.772) on SHS exposure was detected.Conclusion: Exposure to SHS was very common among pregnant women. Those pregnant women of low level of SES should considered as key population to implement public health intervention. Pregnant women of unstable martial status with older age were more likely to SHS exposure.

scholarly journals A study on maternal factors affecting low birth weight in institutional deliveries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 4245
Author(s):  
Chaithra A. ◽  
Mahantappa A. Chiniwar ◽  
Sharada B. Menasinkai
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
School Level

Background: Low birth weight is defined as birth weight below 2500 mg. WHO states prevalence of LBW is 26%. LBW babies are more prone for neonatal morbidity and mortality. 1) To assess various factors like maternal age, height, education, socioeconomic status on the birth weight of the baby. 2) To assess obstetric factors like parity, gestational age, antenatal care, anemia, hypertension on the birth weight of the newborn.Methods: A hospital bound cross sectional study done at the tertiary care centre. Study was done for a period of 2 months from 1st June to 30th July 2019 in Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Hospital a rural medical college in Karnataka. Maternal data were collected and baby weight was recorded soon after birth on weighing scale.Results: There were 65 births during the study period. There were 13 babies weighing less than 2500 gm. Prevalence of LBW was 20%. 43.47% mothers were aged between 18 to 25 years and 7.14% were more than 25 years. 30.4% mother’s height was between 140 to 150 cm and 14.2% were more than 150 cm. Regarding maternal education, 15.3% degree, 24.1% PUC, 15% High school and 33.3% were primary school level. Regarding socioeconomic status 22.2% low, 25% lower middle, 18.7% middle class, 18.7% belonged to upper middle class. Regarding gestational age 50% were <37 weeks, 15.5% between 37-42 weeks, 10% were 42 weeks.73.8% women had normal BP, 21.5% were prehypertensive, 4.6% had PIH.Conclusions: Low birth weight is one of the important factors in infant morbidity and mortality. Maternal health was important factor in delivery of low birth babies. Maternal height, sex of baby, mode of delivery has no role in low birth weight babies.

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