scholarly journals The Effects of FDI on Greek Economy: An Empirical Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p39
Author(s):  
Pavlos Stamatiou ◽  
Nikolaos Dritsakis

This paper investigates the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic growth in Greece, within a framework that also accounts unemployment rate, using annual data covering the period 1970 to 2017. Several econometric models are applied including the ARDL bound test approach for cointegration as well as ECM-ARDL model for causality. The results of the study confirm the existence of a long run relationship among the examined variables. The Granger causality results indicated a strong unidirectional causality between economic development and foreign direct investments with direction from economic development to foreign direct investments. Finally, the variance decomposition method and the impulse response functions are used to test the strength of causality between the variables. The results of the study offer new perspectives and insight for new policies for sustainable economic development, increasing investments and reducing unemployment.

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ujjal Protim Dutta ◽  
Partha Pratim Sengupta

Remittances in India have been growing rapidly since 1991. Most of the studies find that remittance has had a significant impact on real effective exchange rate (REER). It is imperative to evaluate the impact of a transfer such as remittance and aid on country’s competitiveness. This article is an attempt to investigate the impact of workers’ remittances and some selected macro-variables on REER of India using annual data from 1980–2015. The study conducted autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound test co-integration approach to explore this long-run relationship. The ARDL bound test approach confirms significant long-run relationships among the selected variables at 1 per cent level of significance. In addition to this, the ARDL short-run error correction model implies that while REER may temporarily deviate from its long-run equilibrium, the deviations adjust towards the equilibrium level in the long run. JEL: F31, F35, F41


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Noormahayu Binti Mohd Nasir ◽  
Zarul Azhar Nasir ◽  
Norasyikin Abdullah Fahami ◽  
Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusairee ◽  
Khalijah Ramli

This study aims to analyse the relationships between income level, education expenditure, inflation, and ageing population towards health expenditure in Malaysia over the period of 1997 until 2017.  This study employs Autoregressive Distributed-Lag (ARDL) Bound test in determining the long-run empirical relationships between all independent variables and healthcare expenditures in Malaysia.  The findings show the existence of long run cointegration between healthcare expenditure inflation, income level, and the government’s education expenditure.  The results confirmed that all independent variables have positive long run relationships, except the ageing population that displays a negative relationship in influencing healthcare expenditure in Malaysia. The regression result of GDPP shows income elasticity value of 0.690, reflecting the necessity of healthcare expenditure. The outcome of the paper hopes to provide insights on the importance of healthcare expenditure for the development of this country, especially on its economic fronts.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Vlatka Bilas ◽  

Foreign direct investments are seen as a prerequisite for gaining and maintaining competitiveness. The research objective of this study is to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in “new” European Union member countries using various unit root, cointegration, as well as causality tests. The paper employs annual data for FDI and gross domestic product (GDP) from 2002 to 2018 for the 13 most recent members of European Union (EU13): Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. An estimated panel ARDL (PMG) model found evidence that there is a long-run equilibrium between the LogGDP, LogFDI and LogFDIP series, with the rate of adjustment back to equilibrium between 3.27% and 20.67%. In the case of the LogFDI series, long-run coefficients are highly statistically significant in all four models, varying between 0.0828 and 0.3019. These coefficients indicate that a 1% increase in LogFDI increases LogGDP between 0.0828% and 0.3019%. Results of a Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test indicated that a relationship between the GDP growth rate and FDI growth rate is only indirect. Finally, only weak evidence was shown that FDI had a statistically significant impact on GDP in the EU13 countries over the period 2002-2018. This report of findings contributes to the literature concerning FDI and economic growth, namely regarding the current understanding of the relationship between these two factors.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5(J)) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Elham Shubaita ◽  
Muhammad Mar’i ◽  
Mehdi Seraj

This paper investigates the relationship between trade balance, real exchange rates, and incomes in Tunisia by adopting the autoregressive distributed model (ARDL) by using data over the period of 1980 to 2018. We also used the bound test cointegration between variables at a 10% significant level. Our findings show that the Tunisia economy does not match the Marshall-Lerner condition in the long run, that provides an accurate description of the particular situation for which a country currency devaluation or depreciation its currency under both fixed or floating regime is predicted to enhance the trade balance of a country, which means there is no j-curve phenomenon in the long run, which tries to differentiate between the change of short-run and long-run effects in the change of exchange rate on the trade balance. Our findings match the Marshall-Lerner condition in the short run and can confirm the existing j-curve in the case of Tunisia.


2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waliullah Waliullah ◽  
Mehmood Khan Kakar ◽  
Rehmatullah Kakar ◽  
Wakeel Khan

This article is an attempt to examine the short and long-run relationship between the trade balance, income, money supply, and real exchange rate in the case of Pakistan’s economy. Income and money variables are included in the model in order to examine the monetary and absorption approaches to the balance of payments, while the real exchange rate is used to evaluate the conventional approach of elasticities (Marshall Lerner condition). The bounds testing approach to cointegration and error correction models, developed within an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework is applied to annual data for the period 1970 to 2005 in order to investigate whether a long-run equilibrium relationship exists between the trade balance and its determinants. Additionally, variance decompositions (VDCs) and impulse response functions (IRFs) are used to draw further inferences. The result of the bounds test indicates that there is a stable long-run relationship between the trade balance and income, money supply, and exchange rate variables. The estimated results show that exchange rate depreciation is positively related to the trade balance in the long and short run, consistent with the Marshall Lerner condition. The results provide strong evidence that money supply and income play a strong role in determining the behavior of the trade balance. The exchange rate regime can help improve the trade balance but will have a weaker influence than growth and monetary policy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 227868212110451
Author(s):  
Neha Arora ◽  
Naresh Kumar

The present study investigates the relationship between Financial Inclusion Index (FII) and Human Development Index (HDI) of Indian economy. The study developed FII for the Indian economy from 1991 to 2020 by using the dimensions of banking penetration, banking availability and usage of banking services. The well-known techniques of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is used to develop FII. The ARDL bound test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship between financial inclusion and human development. Granger non-causality confirms the existence of bidirectional causality between financial inclusion and human development. As financial inclusion acts as a key for human development, government should adopt policies to speed up the financial inclusion process in India.


2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adenuga Fabian Adekoya ◽  
Nor Azam Abdul-Razak

This study examines the link between unemployment and violence by controlling for income and security expenditure as an antidote to reduce violence in Nigeria. Violence claims many lives and properties in the country, which further increased the demand for public security as tax on the nation’s resources. Also, the increased unemployment in Nigeria, deserving urgent attention to be reduced, as literature has pointed out, causes idleness, deception, frustration and anger. The idea of criminal motivation and strain as an inducement to violence are supported by evidence. Considering the nature of the variables in this study, we tested for endogeneity by using annual data set from 1980 to 2015 before proceeding to test for the long-run and short-run relationship. The Bound Test used to test the cointegration while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach was used to conduct endogeneity test. ARDL Instrumental Variable is also employed to determine long-run and short-run estimates. The results showed that unemployment causes violence while income as a variable to economic growth reduces violence at the 1% level of significance. Similarly, the deterrence variable of security expenditure adversely affects violence at the 10% level of significance. Therefore, this study suggests policy to promote economic growth as the means of income-employment generation among the youth and the unemployed. Youth programs should be provided especially among the unemployed by granting credit facilities to finance their own projects and further strengthen the deterrence institutions. RESUMEN Este estudio examina el vínculo entre el desempleo y la violencia mediante el control de los ingresos y el gasto de seguridad, como un antídoto para reducir la violencia en Nigeria. La violencia se cobra muchas vidas y propiedades en el país, lo que aumenta aún más la demanda de seguridad pública, traducida como un impuesto a los recursos de la nación. Además, el aumento del desempleo en Nigeria, la cual merece una atención urgente que se reduzca ya que, la literatura señala, provoca ociosidad, engaño, frustración e ira. La idea de la motivación y la tensión delictiva como un incentivo a la violencia está respaldada por la evidencia. Teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza de las variables en este estudio, probamos la endogeneidad mediante el uso de datos anuales de 1980 a 2015, antes de proceder a la prueba de la relación de largo y corto plazo. El Bound Test se usó para probar la cointegración, mientras que el enfoque del Modelo de retardo distribuido autorregresivo (ARDL), se usó para realizar pruebas de endogeneidad. La variable instrumental de ARDL también se emplea para determinar estimaciones a largo y corto plazo. Los resultados mostraron que el desempleo causa violencia; mientras que el ingreso, como variable del crecimiento económico, reduce la violencia, al nivel de significancia del 1%. De manera similar, la variable de disuasión del gasto en seguridad afecta adversamente la violencia, al nivel de significancia del 10%. Por lo tanto, este estudio sugiere una política para promover el crecimiento económico como el medio de generación de empleo-empleo entre los jóvenes y los desempleados. El empoderamiento de la juventud debe proporcionarse especialmente entre los desempleados mediante la concesión de servicios de crédito para financiar proyectos propios y fortalecer aún más las instituciones de disuasión.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Lawali Bello Zoramawa ◽  
Machief Paul Ezekiel ◽  
Salisu Umar

The study assessed the contribution of the non-oil sector to the economic growth in Nigeria between the periods 1981 and 2019. The study employed the ARDL bound test for cointegration to analyze the direction among the variables under review. The results of the analysis revealed that there is a negative and statistically significant relationship between non-oil exports (NOE) and economic growth (RGDP) in Nigeria during the period under investigation in the long-run for Manufacturing (MANX), solid mineral(SOLX) except for Agricultural export (AGRX). There is also a bidirectional causal relationship between non-oil exports and economic growth in Nigeria during the same period. The study, therefore recommended that the Nigerian government and other stakeholders should make a country’s non-oil export commodities more attractive and competitive in the global market which will prompt the demand for Nigeria’s non-oil goods at the international market.  Keywords: Non-Oil exports, Economic Growth,


Author(s):  
Lee Kok Fong ◽  
◽  
Mori Kogid ◽  
Jaratin Lily ◽  
◽  
...  

The study examines the relationship between the development of the stock market and economic growth in Malaysia using annual data from 1982 to 2014. The development of the stock market represented three indicators, namely the turnover ratio, the shares value traded ratio and the market capitalization ratio. Augmented Dickey-Fuller stationarity test was carried outprior to the use of a bound test approach for co-integration and causality testing. The findings of the co-integration analysis showed that there is evidence of a long-run relationshipbetween economic growth andthe development of the stock market. Further examination of the causal relationship showed proof of the short-runinteraction between economic growth andthe development of the stock market. These findings may be of importance to policymakers in formulating growth policy and financial decision-making by investors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
Jyoti

After the collapse of the fixed exchange rate system of Bretton Woods, the fluctuations of exchange rate and its impact on macroeconomic performance and trade in countries around the world are becoming an increasing debate among researchers and policymakers. This study empirically investigates whether fluctuations in real exchange rate may affect real exports in the Indian context. The study has employed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test procedure to analyse the long-run relationship among variables using quarterly data from 2005Q1 to 2017Q4. The results of the ARDL bound test reveal that real exports are cointegrated with relative prices, real exchange rate volatility and world real GDP. The study has found negative but insignificant impact of exchange rate volatility on exports, but world GDP as a proxy of foreign economic activity and real effective exchange rate as relative prices have positive and statistically significant impact on Indian manufacturing exports. Further, the ARDL short-run error correction model implies that while the model may temporarily deviate from its long-run equilibrium, the deviations adjust towards the equilibrium level in the long run. JEL Codes: F01, F31, F14


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