scholarly journals The Soft Power of a Small State: Discursive Constructions and Institutional Practices of Norway's Peace Engagement

PCD Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Kristian Stokke
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Small State ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Discursive Constructions

Since the end of the Cold War, Norway has widely functioned as facilitator for conflict resolution in interstate conflicts and, thus, constructed Norwegian foreign policy as an international peace promoter. This article provides a critical understanding of the discursive construction and institutional practices of Norwegian peace engagement and the effectiveness of the Norwegian approach in conflict resolution experiences. By utilising valuable insights from international relations theories, this article critically analyses the construction of identity and interests in Norwegian foreign policy discourse, focusing particularly on the balancing act between realist and idealist internationalism in peace engagement.

scholarly journals The evolution of India-Central Europe relations after the Cold War

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (56) ◽  
pp. 231-254
Author(s):  
Tomasz Łukaszuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Enlargement ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Visegrad Group

The primary purpose of the article is to present the long term ties between India and Central Europe, and examine the transformation of their relationship after the end of the Cold War. Using J.A. Braveboy-Wagner’s liberal approach to diplomacy and foreign policy-making of developing countries as a tool of analysis, the article shows how the executive preferences of political leaders, historical narratives, and the strength of local values such as soft power, have influenced the political and economic cooperation between India and the Visegrad Group of countries that constitute the core of Central Europe – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. This method helps to show that contrary to the widely held opinion1 that the bonds between the Indian subcontinent and Central Europe were an artificial creation of the Soviet Union, they were instead created much earlier by contacts of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Rabindranath Tagore in the first half of the 20th century. Indeed, a mutual interest and fascination between the two parties, combined with the complementary of needs of both sides after the end of WWII resulted in the development of a promising relationship in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Unfortunately, despite a lot of effort this promising partnership has failed to deliver since the end of the Cold War, and this paper is an attempt to find an explanation for this situation. The European’s focus on integrating with European institutions on one hand, and India’s new foreign policy priorities that were driven by modernization and regional, and then global power aspirations, on the other hand, weakened the intensity of this cooperation for two decades. The completing of the European Union enlargement process in 2004, and the increasing influence of China in Central Europe since 2012, has triggered a reaction by India in the form of the creation of India-Central Europe Business Forum in 2014, which until now has not yet met expectations. The article points to the potential of the Visegrad Group+ (V4+) formula of cooperation, which still possesses many untapped opportunities.

18. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter discusses diplomacy and the conduct of foreign policy, both of which are fundamental to relations between political communities worldwide. It first considers diplomacy and its related concept, statecraft, in global history, focusing on some important concepts such as raison d'état (reason of state) and machtpolitik (power politics). It then examines diplomatic practice in contemporary global politics, with particular emphasis on track-two diplomacy and third-party mediation, along with developments in diplomacy during the Cold War. It also looks at public diplomacy, which may be understood as an instrument of ‘soft power’ in contrast with the methods of power politics. It concludes with an overview of the European Union's common foreign and security policy.

Flight attendant identity construction in inflight incident reports

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-29
Author(s):  
Barbara Clark
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Discursive Construction ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Flight Attendant ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
Construction Of Identity ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Incident Reports ◽  
Discursive Constructions

This article explores the discursive construction of a professional flight attendant (FA) identity (Bucholtz and Hall 2004) in a corpus of reports written by FAs and voluntarily submitted to a US government agency. The article argues that writing and submission of the reports by FAs can be seen as a performative act, which heightens aviation institutional ideologies whilst foregrounding safety-related practices. Moreover, the narratives make frequent use of the intersubjective relation of adequation and distinction (i.e., “us and them”) in their situated construction of identity, with FAs excluding pilots from discursive constructions of the inflight crew. This distancing of pilots is counter to the “team” ideology in commercial aviation upon which much flight safety is predicated.

20. Diplomacy and Foreign Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 464-486
Author(s):  
Stephanie Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter discusses diplomacy and the conduct of foreign policy, both of which are fundamental to relations between political communities worldwide. It first considers diplomacy and its related concept, statecraft, in global history, focusing on some important concepts such as raison d’état (reason of state) and machtpolitik (power politics). It then examines diplomatic practice in contemporary global politics, with particular emphasis on track-two diplomacy and third-party mediation, along with developments in diplomacy during the Cold War. It also looks at public diplomacy, which may be understood as an instrument of ‘soft power’ in contrast with the methods of power politics. It concludes with an overview of the European Union’s common foreign and security policy.

South Asia and Foreign Policy

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The South ◽  
Policy Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Cold War

There has been a pronounced dearth of scholarly literature on foreign and security policy in South Asia. Fortunately, there is a significant transformation under way. The amount of South Asian case materials that have been effectively integrated into the mainstream of the foreign and security policy literature is slowly expanding. Furthermore, the bulk of the scholarship on these subjects emanating from the region had been quintessentially devoid of theoretical substance. This, too, is undergoing a change. The neglect of South Asia is baffling considering that the region offers a rich array of cases pertaining to questions of comparative foreign policy, interstate conflicts, regional crises, and the effects of nuclear proliferation, among other issues. There are a variety of plausible reasons to explain the marginalization of South Asian foreign policy studies. One, at the level of the global system, the South Asian states (with the exception of Pakistan) sought to self-consciously exclude themselves from the tensions of the Cold War international order. Also, India was one of the principal exponents of the doctrine of nonalignment. After several decades of systematic neglect, however, there are signs that scholars are beginning to integrate the study of India and South Asia into the study of international relations, foreign policy, and strategic studies. This newfound scholarly interest in the South Asian region can be attributed to a host of actors, such as India’s remarkable economic growth of the past decade or so, Pakistan’s political fragility, and the acquisition of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan.

scholarly journals The Middle East Policy of America after the Cold War

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Kübra Dilek Azman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Middle East Policy ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Policy Discourses

The aim of this study is to discuss the Middle East policy of the United States’ (U.S.) after the Cold War. In the period following the Cold War, the Middle East has been a place that the U.S’ has projected upon as if it were its own private land. This is an attractive and important issue for political research area. In briefly, it can be divided the policies of the U.S. in the post-Cold War concerning the Middle East into three just like a tripod and these are security, economy and politics. Firstly, eliminate the danger of radical Islamic groups, especially war against to acts of terrorism, secondly; controlling oil and energy resources and the finally is ensuring the security of Israel state. This paper will examine the September 11 attacks and the U.S. Greater Middle East Project and the U.S. occupation of Iraq. In that period U.S. tend to use the hard power. Than after this period, new President Barack Obama has changed the American Middle East policy discourses. The Obama’s foreign policy discourses show us that he is tend to use soft power instruments. This study argues that the U.S. foreign policy in Middle East after the Cold War has changed periodically. However the aim of Middle East policy of the U.S.’ has not changed, but the policy instruments have been changed from hard power to soft power Then, the question has been raised about the whether the U.S. will be success or not with this new policy. These concerning issues are going to be discussed.

scholarly journals Tilkoblings- og afkoblingsstrategier i dansk udenrigspolitik: Udvikling og tendenser i de danske udenrigspolitiske doktriner

Politik ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Brun Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International System ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Small State ◽  
State Identity ◽  
International Activism ◽  
The Cold War

This paper investigates the developments and changes in the Danish foreign policy doctrines from 1914-2014 in order to study the relative importance of two underlying ideologies that have guided the Danish strategic culture. It is argued that determinism and internationalism has traditionally constituted the Danish small state identity, which have led to an understanding of a dualistic strategic culture. e argument is that this dualism after the end of the Cold War has been replaced with a one stringed internationalism after the end of the cold war where the introduction of international activism and active internationalism can be seen as a broad ‘opting in’ strategy to the international system. 

scholarly journals Higher education – the factor of soft power in U.S. foreign policy from the post-cold war to 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-612
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Huyen Thao
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
National Power ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

Soft power is a concept that was created by Joseph Nye in the 1990s. After the soft power theory was supplemented many times, up to now, it has been considered a theory interesting to many researchers. In 2005, he pointed out that higher education played an important role and was a factor of soft power in U.S. foreign policy. The United States (U.S) is a country that has flexible, adjustable and appropriated changes in foreign policy. The cultural and educational values in history have created the soft power and own mark of U.S , especially in the period of the Cold War (1947- 1991). At that time, higher education contributed to the training and changing of the mind of many students going to the Soviet Union. After the Cold War ended, the U.S. remained the nation's top-rank comprehensive national power in the World. This national power gave the U.S. favorable conditions to enforce and implement strategies globally. In this way, the soft power was never left behind in the U.S foreign policy, especially in higher education. So, how did the U.S. maintain this policy in the foreign policy and what outcomes did it bring to the U.S.? This article presents the higher education and the factor of soft power in the U.S. foreign policy from the Post-Cold War till 2016.

scholarly journals Finland’s Neutrality as Part of Its National Identity

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
N. Yu. Vezhlivtseva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
World Order ◽  
Small State ◽  
East And West ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Cold War

The article examines Finland's case within the framework of current discussions on the relevance of neutrality policy. It is widely believed that Finland's neutrality arose during the cold war as a result of a pragmatic assessment of the general world order at that time. The military non-alignment is regarded from this perspective as a rational and necessary policy for a small state in the bipolar world. After the cold war some politicians and researches argued that under the new conditions the policy of military neutrality is not relevant anymore and that belonging to the Western community is the only choice. However, Finland's military non-alignment policy and reliance on self-defense have remained unchanged for almost three decades. Finnish authorities have consistently pursued this line with a strong support of the majority of population. The reasons for that cannot be explained only as a rational political choice of a small state in certain geopolitical realities, the issue is more complex. Some Finnish researchers consider neutrality as part of the Finnish national identity. Using this approach, the author examines the genesis and development of neutrality policy as part of its national identity, which evolved at the junction of East and West. The article examines the influence of Sweden and Russia on the development of Finland’s statehood and its foreign policy. Sweden determined the political structures and inculcated Finns with the Scandinavian identity. The role of Russia in the beginning of Finnish statehood was crucial. It formed the subsequent Eastern vector of Finland’s foreign policy. The symbiosis of Western (Swedish) and Eastern (Russian) vectors gives Finland additional advantages, allowing a small state to claim the role of a «bridge-builder» between East and West. The author concludes that this complex combination has created the prerequisites for neutrality expressed in the policy of military non-alignment. Neutrality as a part of Finnish national identity has deep historical roots. It was born together with the Finnish statehood and has been staying with it despite all the changes in international environment.

Turkey’s Soft Power in a Comparative Context

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meliha Benli Altunışık
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter focuses on the soft power of Turkey, comparing its engagements with the states of the South Caucasus (and Central Asia) to the countries of the Middle East. The chapter argues that for Turkey, the use of soft power was a tool to re-establish relations with, and acquire acceptance in, its neighborhood. In the case of the South Caucasus, Turkey attempted to reconnect with a region that it was cut off from for a long time due to the Soviet era and the Cold War. In the Middle East, there was an effort to redefine its engagement after a decade of securitization of its foreign policy in the 1990s. Although soft power increased Turkey’s visibility and presence, it is unclear if it changed the nature of Turkey’s influence, which remained highly limited when faced with the realities of hard power politics, unable to influence the regional actors it targeted.

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