scholarly journals Optimization of Water Fraction Gel Formula of Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen) With Gelling Agent of Sodium Alginate and Carboxymethyl Chitosan Combination

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Citra Ariani Edityaningrum ◽  
Kintoko Kintoko ◽  
Feby Zulien ◽  
Lina Widiyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽  
T Test ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optimum Formula

Water fraction of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steen)  leaf has been proven to heal ulcus diabetic. In order to make the use easier and more practical, in this study the water fraction of binahong leaves is formulated in gel preparation form. This study was conducted to obtain a comparison of the amount of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan as gelling agent to produce gel that meets the good physical requirements. The method used to determine the amount of comparison of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan is to use Simplex Lattice Design (SLD). Eight variations of gel formula are designed with the ratio of sodium alginate:  carboxymethyl chitosan as follows: F1 (0:3% w/w), F2 (0:3% w/w), F3 (0.75:2.25% w/w), F4 (1.5:1.5 % w/w), F5 (1.5:1.5% w/w), F6 (2.25:0.75% w/w), F7 (3:0% w/w), F8 (3:0% w/w). Physical parameters observed included pH, viscosity, dispersion, and adherence. Data obtained compared with the actual conducted by researchers using one sample test t-test with 95% confidence level. Based on the results of the study, increased sodium alginate concentration can increase viscosity and adhesiveness and decrease the pH and spreadability of the gel. One sample t-test analysis shows that there is no significant difference between predicted parameter value and actual result so SLD equation can be used to construct gel formula of water fraction of binahong leaf. The conclusion is a combination of sodium alginate 1.546% w/w and carboxymethyl chitosan 1.454% w/w yield gel optimum. Physical parameter response of optimum formula is pH 5.86; viscosity 2000 cps; spreadability of 21,96 cm2; and adhesiveness of 19,81 seconds.

scholarly journals Optimization of Liquid Soap Containing Bentonite and Combination of Corn Oil and Virgin Coconut Oil For Cleansing Najs Mughalladzah

2020 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Chairunnisa Mahdi Pratama ◽  
Astri Desmayanti ◽  
Marchaban ◽  
Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
T Test ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optimum Formula

This research was intended to formulate liquid bentonite soap using combination of corn oil andvirgin coconut oil used for cleansing najs mughalladzah (extreme najs). five formula of soap designated with I-Vapplying bentonite and combination of VCO and CO with different concentrations. The assessment of sopquality was based on organoleptic evaluation, foam stability, density, pH-value, and total of active component.Evaluation results were analyzed using simplex lattice design (SLD) to obtain optimum formula. Verificationof optimum formula was analyzed using one sample t-test with level of significance of 0.05. The resultsshowed that optimum concentration of bentonite was 6.5% with percentages of corn oil 85.43% and virgincoconut oil of 14.57%. Based on one sample t-test, there is no significant difference (pH > 0.05) from pH-valueresponse and foam stability between the predicted optimum formula as analyzed using SLD and actualformula. Bentonite liquid soap which is formulated using combination of corn oil and virgin coconut oilaccording to National Standardization Body SNI 2588:2017 so that the soap formula could be applied forcleansing najs mughalladzah.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF BENTONITE LIQUID DETERGENT FOR CLEANSING OF EXTREME NAJS USING SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIGN

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Desi Susilo Wati ◽  
Abdul Rohman ◽  
Mufrod .
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
T Test ◽  
Liquid Detergent ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Simplex Lattice Design ◽  
Foam Power ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Optimum Formula

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate bentonite (clay) liquid detergent (BLD) using bentonite combined with vegetable oils intended for cleansing of extreme najs.Methods: In this study, five formulas of BLD in combination with vegetable oils (coconut and palm oils) were made. The quality of BLD was evaluated in terms of organoleptic, foam power, foam stability, viscocity, pH, free alkali, and total fatty acids. These parameters were analyzed using simplex lattice design (SLD) in order to get the optimum formula of BLD. The verification of optimum formula was carried out using statistical analysis of one sample t-test at a significance level (P) of 0.05.Results: The results showed that the optimum concentration of bentonite was 6.4% with the percentage of cocount oil and palm oil of 95.1% and 4.9%, respectively. Based on one sample t-test, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) of foam power, foam stability, and pH between optimum formula BLD predicted using SLD and that actually formulated.Conclusion: BLD formulated can be used as innovatine means for cleansing extreme najs.

scholarly journals Optimization of Formula Granule of Lempuyang Gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L) J.E.Smith) Rhizome Purified Extract as a Larvicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Tri Murini ◽  
Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih ◽  
Achmad Fudholi ◽  
Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Zingiber Zerumbet ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Granule Formulation ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Optimum Formula

Lempuyang gajah rhizome (Zingiber zerumbet (L) Smith is considered potential as larvicidal. A previous study has shown that the purified extract of Z. zerumbet rhizome was toxic against Adese aegypti larvae.  The aim of the study it to formulate a purified extract of Z. zerumbet (L) Smith in granule preparations by combining Sodium starch glycolate, PVP K-30 and tween 80.  The granule formulation was optimized by the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method with using Design expert program 7.1.5. The results showed that the interaction of the three components can increase the flow rate index, the angle of repose, and reduce absorption. The optimum formula obtained was Sodium starch glycolate 2%, PVP K-30 2%, and Tween 80 5%. The analysis of one sample t-test shows that there is no significant difference between the predicted parameter values and the experimental results of the flow rate index and angle of repose, while the absorption response is significantly different. The optimum formula for granules has larvicidal activity with 100% larval death during 12-hour treatment.

scholarly journals OPTIMASI ASAM STEARAT DAN TEA PADA FORMULA SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
Dwi Saryanti ◽  
Iwan Setiawan ◽  
Romadona Ayu Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Maximum Concentration ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Simplex Lattice Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Optimum Formula ◽  
Optimal Formula

Banana kepok peel has flavonoid compounds used as antioxidants. The aim of this research is to get optimum formula of cream by combination of stearic acid and trietanolamin on good physical propertie of cream. Cream was made with stearic acid 15% minimum concentration and maximum concentration 17%, triethanolamine with minimum concentration 2% and maximum concentration 4%. The optimization of the formula was using the simplex lattice design method with parameters are pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion and protection. The optimum cream formula on the combination of stearic acid 16.7 grams and triethanolamine 2.3 grams. Verification results of optimal formula cream for pH got 6.1, viscosity 237.47, adhesion 12.32, power spread 18.11, protection 14.98 which showed no significant difference in the test, and has good stability.

scholarly journals Optimasi Campuran Manitol-Sukrosa Untuk Tablet Hisap Ekstrak Daun Dewa (Gynura Procumbens (Lour) Merr)) Secara Granulasi Basah Dengan Metode Simplex Lattice Design

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Youstiana Dwi Rusita
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
T Test ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Simplex Lattice Design ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Optimum Formula

Abstract: Dewa Leaves, Lozenges, Simplex Lattice Design. Dewa is an Indonesian traditional medicinal plants are efficacious among others to the tonsils. Dewa leaf extract can be prepared as lozenges because it is more practical and effective than the traditional way in the form of infusion. This study aimed to get the optimum formula mannitol - sucrose using the simplex lattice design that has more value than triall error. Dewa leaf aqueous extract obtained by maceration leaf powder dewa with 70% ethanol and then evaporated to obtain a thick extract is dried with aerosil. This study is based on the method simplex lattice design with two components, namely FI (100% mannitol), F II (100% sucrose), F III (50% mannitol: 50% sucrose). The method used in the manufacture of leaf extract lozenges Dewa was wet granulation using the binder PVP. The granules tested flow rate, compactibility and granules ditablet to test the taste responses. Of the value of the response characteristics of the granules obtained the largest total selected as the optimum formula. Furthermore ditablet and tested physical properties which include uniformity of weight, hardness and friability of tablets. Data of physical properties of the granules suction of the optimum formula theoretically and statistically tested using the t test (T-test). The results showed that the optimum formula derived from a mixture of mannitol 70% - sucrosa 30%. From the results of the t test (T-test) and compactibility flow rate did not different significantly betwen theoretical experiment. To test the taste responses acceptable 98% of respondents. Dewa leaf extract lozenges optimum formula produced meets the physical properties of the tablet.

scholarly journals Optimization Emulgator Composition Of Water In Oil Emulsion Of Strawberry Fruits (Fragaria vesca L.) Based On Simplex Lattice Design Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Dian Eka Ermawati
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Separation Ratio ◽  
Simplex Lattice Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Optimum Formula ◽  
Observation Results

<p>Strawberry (<em>Fragaria vesca </em>L.) fruits contains nutrients that was beneficial to health because rich of antioxidant such as anthocyanin and flavonoids. Concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids in strawberry during process would decline respectively 53% for pelargonidin3-O-glucoside and 40% for flavonoid. Water-oil emulsion consists of water and oil components were not mixed with each other, thus requiring emulgator to create a system that was homogeneous and stabilize the the antioxidants in strawberry.</p><p>Emulgator that used in this study were : span 80, croduret 50 ss, and propylene glycol. They were optimized to know their combination in order to gain each portion of components which would produce an optimum formula of water/oil emulsion with good physical stability and stabilize the antioxidants ingredient. The optimization with <em>Simplex Lattice Design </em>method using <em>Design Expert® software</em> <em>7.1.5</em>. Low limit and upper limit each components of emulgator were 1:1:1. The results of the responses of physical parameter were viscosity, separation ratio (F), and diameter of emulsion globule.</p>Water/oil emulsion of strawberry that use emulgators : 2% Span80, 4% croduret 50 ss, and 2% propylene glycol produced a physically stable emulsion with the observation results had no significant difference to the prediction of <em>Simplex Lattice Design. </em>The observation results of viscosity value was -0.85 log P.as, 1.59 μm diameter of emulsion globule, and 0.99 cm of separation ratio (F). The prediction value were -0.56 log P.as of viscosity, diameter of emulsion globule of 3.26 μm and 0.97 cm of separation ratio (F). Strawberry fruits contains 23.3% of flavonoid, and 13.23% of anthocyanin. The optimum formula had 20% of flavonoids and 11.67% of anthocyanin. Combination of emulgator can stable the antioxidant compound of strawbbery fruits into water/oil emulsion formula. The consentration of antioxidant compounds decreased just ± 14% after formulation process.

scholarly journals Study of structural and mechanical properties of sodium alginate gels

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Ievgenii Gladukh ◽  
Maiia Podorozhna
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Rotational Viscometer ◽  
Loop Area ◽  
Alginate Concentration ◽  
Alginate Gels

Rheological parameters are an important characteristic of semisolid dosage forms. Structural and mechanical characteristics have a noticeable effect on the processes of release and absorption of drugs from ointments, as well as on their consumer properties: spreadability, adhesion, the ability to squeeze out of the tubes. The aim: to study the rheological parameters of aqueous solutions of sodium alginate in various concentrations to create medicinal hydrogel compositions. Materials and methods: sodium alginate (Shandong Topsea Seaweed Industrial Co., Ltd., China) was used as a gelling agent. The physicochemical properties of the samples were studied according to generally accepted methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Rheological studies of experimental samples were carried out using a rotational viscometer «Rheolab QC», by Anton Paar (Austria) with coaxial cylinders C-CC27/SS at a temperature 20–25 °С. Results and discussion: the rheological profiles of sodium alginate gels have a non-Newtonian type of flow, which makes it possible to characterize them as systems with plastic-viscous properties. Gels with a sodium alginate concentration of 1.5–2 % have the best indicators of yield stress, hysteresis loop area, mechanical stability and dynamic flow coefficients. This indicates a low degree of destruction of the structural grid in the process of mechanical action and the presence of thixotropic bonds. Conclusions: sodium alginate gel base at 0.5 % and 1 % concentration is less stable under stress compared to sodium alginate bases at 1.5 % and 2 % concentration. The gel base of sodium alginate at a concentration of 2 % has the optimal mechanical stability value.

scholarly journals Optimizing Formula of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Belimbing Wuluh Leaf Extract with Crospovidone and Croscarmellose Sodium as Superdisintegrant

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Citra Ariani Edityaningrum ◽  
Tantri Sofia Fauziah ◽  
Zainab Zainab ◽  
Hardi Astuti Witasari
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fast Disintegrating Tablet ◽  
Wetting Time ◽  
Croscarmellose Sodium ◽  
Optimum Formula

Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves can be used as an antidiabetic in the presence of flavonoid. Antidiabetic drugs were widely consumed by elderly patients who often had difficulty in consuming conventional tablets. Research in developing formulations of an antidiabetic drug that is capable of rapid disintegration and quickly dissolves when placed on the tounge is necessary, therefore it is formulated in fast disintegrating tablet dosage forms. The research aimed to formulate FDT of ethanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves with variation of superdisintegrant crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium. Fast disintegrating tablet of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves extract was manufactured by direct compression. Furthermore, the tablet was evaluated with physical properties and the results were analyzed using Design expert 10.1.3 program to bring in simplex lattice design (SLD) equation to get the optimum formula. Data which had been obtained was then analyzed byone sample test with confidence interval 95%. Based on the research results, the combinations of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium was able to reduce the response of physical properties such as weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, and wetting time. The optimum formula consist of 6.8 mg crospovidone and 12.2 mg croscarmellose sodium which resulted in 4.41 kg of hardness response, 0.59% of friability, 11.21 seconds of wetting time, and 3,85 seconds of disintegration time. Analysis of one sample t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the parameter values predicted results with the results of the research, so it can be concluded that SLD equation can be used to develop a formula that gives optimum parameters of FDT.

The Influence of Age and Gender on Mandibular Indices among the Libyan Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
T Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Libyan Population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization. Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population. Methods: The three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012. among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age groups to 2.7 in 55-65 age groups. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p> 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender

SENSITIVITAS ETIS MAHASISWA ATAS PENGGELAPAN PAJAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Nurma Risa
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Female Students ◽  
T Test ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Management Students

This study aims to prove that there is a difference of perception about ethics on tax evasion in UNISMA Bekasi students, based on selected study program and gender. The sample of this research is the students who have fulfilled the subject of taxation, at the Faculty of Economics (FE) and Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (FISIP). Using independent t-test, the results showed that there was no significant difference of perception about tax evasion ethics between FE and FISIP students. But significant differences the perception of tax evasion ethics occur between accounting and management students at FE. Significant differences also did not occur between male and female students

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