scholarly journals Food Preference, Fecundity, Proximate Analysis on Eggs and Meat of Turbo crassus (W. Wood 1828) and Turbo setosus (Gmelin 1791) in Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61873
Author(s):  
Rijal Romolo ◽  
Izzatul Auliya' ◽  
Trijoko Trijoko
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
The Relationship

Turbo snails have important roles in the ecosystem as prey for predators, and decomposition of dead objects, and it is starting to decrease. This is quite worrying so that conservation efforts must be carried out immediately. Turbo snail species found in Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul are Turbo crassus and Turbo setosus. The aims of this study were to determine food preferences, the relationship between body size and fecundity, analyze egg quality based on proximate levels of the two species, and meat proximate of T. crassus and T. setosus. Samples were taken from Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul. Food preference was observed using the sedgwick rafter, fecundity was counted using the gravimetric method. Moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash, and carbohydrate content of both species eggs and meat were determined with proximate analysis at the UGM Central Laboratory for Food and Nutrition Studies. The results showed that the dominant food for T. setosus was Phaeophyta, whereas the dominant food for T. crassus was Microcoleus sp. and Phaeophyta. The fecundity of both Turbo species is exponentially positively correlated with all body sizes. Proximate analysis showed that the levels of fat and protein in the eggs of both species were quite high, which meant that the eggs are in good quality. The conclusion of this study is both species have slightly different food preferences. The fecundity of both species will increase exponentially with increasing body size and the broodstock of T. crassus and T. setosus Sepanjang Beach has good quality.

scholarly journals Bisexual stereotypes apply differently by body size: An assessment of bisexual prototypicality, trait application, and body size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Oswald ◽  
Amanda champion ◽  
Devinder Singh Khera ◽  
Cory Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Bisexual Women ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Fat Bodies ◽  
The Relationship

We blend person perception work with queer appearance psychology to examine the relationship between body size and bisexuality. In an online survey (N= 472, Mage= 25.15, 63.8% women), we examined the specific traits associated with a range of computer-modelled bodies identified as bisexual. We found that average body sizes were perceived as most prototypical of both bisexual men and bisexual women, skinny and fat bodies were more associated with clusters of traits which contrast with common stereotypes about bisexuality. Additionally, we found that bisexual men were associated with increased masculinity and decreased femininity relative to bisexual women, and found a general, though nonsignificant trend such that bisexual men were perceived as having heightened androcentric desire relative to women. Finally, we found evidence for the role of typicality as a mediator of perceived prejudice; less prototypical bodies tended to be perceived as experiencing greater prejudice based on body size.

scholarly journals Exceptional body sizes but typical trophic structure in a Pleistocene food web

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 20160228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel M. Segura ◽  
Richard A. Fariña ◽  
Matías Arim
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Quaternary Period ◽  
Species Vulnerability ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Energetic Constraints ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, we focused on the exceptionally large mammals inhabiting the Americas during the Quaternary period and the paramount role of body size in species ecology. We evaluated two main features of Pleistocene food webs: the relationship between body size and (i) trophic position and (ii) vulnerability to predation. Despite the large range of species sizes, we found a hump-shaped relationship between trophic position and body size. We also found a negative trend in species vulnerability similar to that observed in modern faunas. The largest species lived near the boundary of energetic constraints, such that any shift in resource availability could drive these species to extinction. Our results reinforce several features of megafauna ecology: (i) the negative relationship between trophic position and body size implies that large-sized species were particularly vulnerable to changes in energetic support; (ii) living close to energetic imbalance could favour the incorporation of additional energy sources, for example, a transition from a herbivorous to a scavenging diet in the largest species (e.g. Megatherium ) and (iii) the interactions and structure of Quaternary megafauna communities were shaped by similar forces to those shaping modern fauna communities.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Dimensions of Food Choice and Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico J. A. Perez-Cueto ◽  
Annemarie Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Taste Education

The Special Issue “Food Choice and Nutrition” deals with the relationship between the food choices of different population groups or consumer segments and its impact on the nutritional status, improvement of dietary quality, food and nutrition-related behaviour, food preferences, taste education, sensory characteristics of foods and their role in consumer choice, etc [...]

scholarly journals Fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenies: an example using vertebrate body sizes

1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Ø. Mooers ◽  
Dolph Schluter
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Free Model ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Body Size Evolution ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Best Fit

How do traits change through time and with speciation? We present a simple and generally applicable method for comparing various models of the macroevolution of traits within a maximum likelihood framework. We illustrate four such models: 1) variance among species accumulates in direct proportion to time separating them (gradual model); 2) variation accumulates with the number of speciation events separating them (speciational model); 3) differences between species are unrelated to phylogenetic relatedness (pitchfork model); and 4) a free model where the trait evolves at its own idiosyncratic rate among lineages. Using species-specific body size, we compare the four models across two data sets: twenty-one clades of vertebrate species, and two clades of bird families. For the twenty-one vertebrate trees, the pitchfork model is most successful, though not significantly, and the most successful by far for the youngest clades. The speciational model seems to be preferred for older clades. For both clades of bird families, the speciational model offers the best fit to family-level body size evolution. However, the pitchfork model does much worse for one clade than for the other, suggesting a difference in the relationship between diversification and body-size evolution in the two groups. These examples highlight some possibilities afforded by this simple approach.

Obesity and Body Size Preferences of Jordanian Women

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Madanat ◽  
Steven R. Hawks ◽  
Heidi N. Angeles
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mean Current ◽  
Healthy Body

The nutrition transition is associated with increased obesity rates and increased desire to be thin. This study evaluates the relationship between actual body size and desired body size among a representative sample of 800 Jordanian women. Using Stunkard’s body silhouettes, women were asked to identify their current and ideal body sizes, healthy body size, and their perception of the body size preferred by men. Body mass index (BMI) calculations indicate that 53.8% of the women were overweight or obese. Their mean current body size was 5, which is consistent with the mean BMI of 26 in the sample. Although 66% of the women were dissatisfied with their body size, the desired weight loss was not extreme. Pearson correlation was positive (.858, p <.0001) between measured BMI and body silhouettes chosen as an indicator of current body size. Jordanian women seemed pulled between the traditional and Westernized body preferences. Possible cultural explanations are explored.

Observations on activity, display behavior, coloration and androgen levels in the keeled earless lizard, Holbrookia propinqua

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Cooper ◽  
Louis J. Guillette
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Observation Distance ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe observed the distance moved, number of movements, and frequency of displays in ten minute intervals for two male color morphs, coral and yellow, and for brightly colored females, of Holbrookia propinqua. We also measured body sizes and, for males, plasma androgen concentrations. Distance moved, number of movements, and number of social displays were positively correlated in males. Females exhibited similar correlations, but the relationship between distance moved and number of displays was not significant. Males moved more often and greater distances than females. Females performed displays as frequently as did males, perhaps because we selected large, dominant females for observation. Distance moved, number of movements, and number of displays increased with body size in males. That these relationships did not hold in females may indicate a sex difference or reflect the small sample size and body size range of females. Plasma androgen concentrations increased with male body size, suggesting a possible androgenic mechanism of sexual selection for large size. Androgen level did not affect display frequency or distance moved. Distance moved increased with plasma androgen concentration, but when effects of body size were held constant, this relationship vanished. Coral and yellow males did not differ in androgen concentration, size, or in the observed behaviors.

scholarly journals Food Preferences and Food Choice Determinants in a Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Dominika Głąbska ◽  
Dominika Skolmowska ◽  
Dominika Guzek
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Population Based ◽  
School Students ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Food Choice Motives

Food preferences are within the most important determinants of food choices; however, little is known about their complex associations, and no studies were conducted in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between food preferences and food choice determinants in adolescents aged 15–20 years within the Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study. The PLACE-19 Study included a random quota sampling conducted in the whole of Poland and covered a population-based sample of 2448 secondary school students. The food preferences were assessed using a validated Food Preference Questionnaire (FPQ), and the food choices were assessed using a validated Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ). The statistical analysis comprised k-means clustering and linear regression adjusted for sex and age. Four homogenous clusters of respondents were defined based on the food choice motives—“healthy eaters” (health as the most important determinant of food choices), “hedonists” (convenience, sensory appeal, and price as the most important determinants), “indifferent consumers” (low significance for all determinants), and “demanding consumers” (high significance for all determinants). The preferences for all food categories differed when comparing between clusters presenting various food choice determinants (p < 0.001). The “healthy eaters” were characterized by the highest preference for vegetables; the “hedonists” preferred meat/fish, dairy, and snacks; the “demanding consumers” had a high preference for all food categories, while “indifferent consumers” had a low preference for all food categories. All preference scores were positively associated with mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, and price (p < 0.05). The results confirmed the association between food preferences and food choice determinants in adolescents, as well as allowed adolescents to be clustered into segments to define various needs and motives among the identified segments. For public health purposes, it may be crucial to educate “hedonists,” with a high preference for meat/fish, dairy and snacks, accompanied by convenience, sensory appeal, and price as the most important determinants of their food choices.

scholarly journals A Farewell to the Encephalization Quotient: A New Brain Size Measure for Comparative Primate Cognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Carel P. van Schaik ◽  
Zegni Triki ◽  
Redouan Bshary ◽  
Sandra A. Heldstab
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Encephalization Quotient ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Size Measure

Both absolute and relative brain sizes vary greatly among and within the major vertebrate lineages. Scientists have long debated how larger brains in primates and hominins translate into greater cognitive performance, and in particular how to control for the relationship between the noncognitive functions of the brain and body size. One solution to this problem is to establish the slope of cognitive equivalence, i.e., the line connecting organisms with an identical bauplan but different body sizes. The original approach to estimate this slope through intraspecific regressions was abandoned after it became clear that it generated slopes that were too low by an unknown margin due to estimation error. Here, we revisit this method. We control for the error problem by focusing on highly dimorphic primate species with large sample sizes and fitting a line through the mean values for adult females and males. We obtain the best estimate for the slope of circa 0.27, a value much lower than those constructed using all mammal species and close to the value expected based on the genetic correlation between brain size and body size. We also find that the estimate of cognitive brain size based on cognitive equivalence fits empirical cognitive studies better than the encephalization quotient, which should therefore be avoided in future studies on primates and presumably mammals and birds in general. The use of residuals from the line of cognitive equivalence may change conclusions concerning the cognitive abilities of extant and extinct primate species, including hominins.

Leg Strength Is Related to Endurance Run Performance in Children and Adolescents with Mental Retardation

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fernhall ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shuttle Run

This study evaluated the relationship between leg strength and endurance run performance, independent of aerobic capacity (V̇O2peak), body size, and gender, in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation. Twenty-six individuals (15 boys and 11 girls) volunteered and underwent tests of V̇O2peak, isokinetic leg strength, and endurance run performance (600-yard ran/walk and 20-m shuttle run). Results showed that leg strength was significantly related to both types of run performance; however, when controlling for V̇O2peak, body size, and gender, leg strength was a more significant contributor to the 600-yard run/walk than to 20-m shuttle run performance. Gender did not influence these relationships. These data suggest that leg strength has a significant influence on endurance run performance in children and adolescents with mild or moderate mental retardation.

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