scholarly journals Peneguhan diagnosis Avian Influenza pada Ayam Petelur yang Mengalami Gejala Penurunan Produksi

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rina Isnawati ◽  
Hastari Wuryastuti ◽  
R Wasito
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Type A ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Decreasing egg production is an initial symptom of various diseases that infect commercial layer chickens. Diagnosis of diseases causing the decrease in egg production without high mortality rate is often thought to be caused by other poultry diseases because of the many similarities in manifestation between one disease and another. Avian influenza is a zoonotic infectious disease in poultry that can lead to high economic losses. This study aims to determine the contribution of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection to commercial laying hens showing symptoms of decreased production. The samples were oropharyngeal swabs of commercial laying hens which had symptoms of decreased production at productive age. Laboratory tests were carried out by histopathological examination, detection and identification of AIV with real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and isolation with the viral culture technique on fertile chicken eggs. The results showed that there was type A AIV infection based on the qRT-PCR (matrix) test, but the subtypes were not identified (H5, H7, H9). The results of the isolation of the virus in the fertile chicken eggs showed embryonic death in which all embryonic organs show hemorrhages. Allantoic fluid does not agglutinate chicken red blood cells. Histopathological features of the pathognomonic lesions in lungs infected with AIV were severe congestion and hemorrhages. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that there was a contribution of type A AIV infection. Early diagnosis of AIV could determine more appropriate actions, including control, prevention and eradication.

scholarly journals Costs of biosecurity measures in Brazilian laying hens farms in response to policies against Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease and Salmonellosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Luciano LAGATTA ◽  
Augusto Hauber GAMEIRO
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Health Program ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to estimate costs for egg production and for implementation of biosecurity measures described by Normative Instructions No. 56/2007, No. 59/2009, No. 36/2012 and No. 10/2013 on production costs in these establishments. To attend the “National Avian Health Program” and the “National Plan for the Prevention of Avian Influenza and Control and Prevention of Newcastle Disease”, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a series of legal acts to establish the “Procedures for Register, Inspection and Control of Breeding and Commercial Avian Establishments” intensifying the measures for prevention of high economic impact illnesses in avian flocks of the country. The adaptations comprise items of structure and biosecurity procedures that aim to increase the level of isolation of the birds to maintain them with the best health status as possible. These adaptations can result in more expenses and dedication from the producers. Thus, production costs were obtained through personal interviews with 10 voluntary commercial farmers of laying hens in Limeira region, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, between June and July, 2013. The result of this study suggests that the implementation of biosecurity measures has relatively low costs when compared to the possible risks of diseases outbreaks and the consequent economic losses that justify the adoption of these practices.

RECENT UPDATES ON MOLECULAR DETECTION OF H9N2 AS LOW PATHOGENIC STRAIN OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM POULTRY FARMS OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mubeen Sajjad ◽  
Majeeda Rasheed
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Primer Sets

H9N2 avian influenza outbreaks have caused great economic losses to the poultry industry in recent decades due to a decrease of egg production, high morbidity, and mortality. Due to different antigenic variants, Influenza virus has become problematical because it has the ability to cross the species barrier. As it is highly pathogenic so its diagnosis and vaccines are of high importance. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is mostly used for subtyping and detection of antibody titer against the virus. Furthermore, its continuous mutations in the HA gene transforms AIV subtype H9N2 (a low pathogenic subtype) into high pathogenic virus subtypes like H5N2 and H7N7 that may have pandemic potential. Thus, it is necessary to identify various antigenic variants of Influenza virus, so it is direly needed to study the HA gene, its attachment to host receptors, the release of genetic material and pathogenicity. In the present study, virus samples from poultry were isolated. Both serological and molecular confirmation was done for 100 samples collected from the different area. They were properly labeled and prepared for the process of egg inoculation in embryonated eggs. The virus was grown in amnioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs and harvested fluid is then proceeded for confirmatory testing. Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination inhibition testing was done. RNA was extracted by the kit method and cDNA was synthesized. Reverse transcriptase (RTPCR) was performed using specific primer sets and then the PCR product was run on agarose gel. The bands obtained were sent for sequencing.

scholarly journals Extraction of Uronic Acid From Sargassum crassifolium and Its Feeding Effects On The Eggs Production and Quality of Lohmann Chicken Eggs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Veybe Gresje Kereh ◽  
Ivonne Maria Untu ◽  
Marie Najoan ◽  
T. Lumi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Chicken Eggs

ABSTRACTThe use of antibiotics in chicken feed is currently banned because it can cause resistance to pathogenic bacteria and cause residues in products. This study aimed to see the effect of drinking water containing uronic acid extracted from Sargassum crassifolium (S. crassifolium) on the physical and chemical quality of Lohmann chicken eggs. One hundred and twenty laying hens were divided into 2 groups: (1) chickens given commercial feed containing antibiotics and (2) feed without additional antibiotics. The chickens were randomly assigned to one of the 5 brown seaweed supplementation treatments in drinking water A1=0.0% S.crassifolium (control); A2=2.5% S.crassifolium; A3=5.0% S.crassifolium; A4=7.5% S.crassifolium; A5=10.0% S.crassifolium. The study used a completely randomized factorial design of 5 treatments, 2 factors, and 3 replications. Each replication consisted of 6 heads of laying hens. There were no differences between treatments on the performance of laying hens (egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion); physical quality (eggshell, egg yolk, egg white, shell thickness, egg yolk, Haugh unit, egg index) and chemistry (superoxide dismutase production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and Lohmann chicken egg cholesterol) but there was a difference in feed intake. The uronic acid extracted from S. crassifolium has not been able to increase the production and quality of Lohmann chicken eggs.Keywords: lohmann chicken, quality of eggs, Sargassum crassifolium, uronic acid

scholarly journals Warm Perches: A Novel Approach For Reducing Cold Stress Effect on Production, Plasma Hormones, and Immunity in Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Hu ◽  
Heng Wei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Stress Effect

Abstract Background: Cold temperature is a common environmental stressor that has a great impact on the poultry industries, inducing pathophysiological stress in birds with profound economic losses. Current methods used for preventing cold stress, such as reducing ventilation and using gas heaters, are facing challenges due to poor indoor air quality and its deleterious effects on bird and caretaker health. The aim of this study was to examine if the novelly designed warmed perch system, as a thermal device, can reduce cold stress-associated adverse effects on laying hens. Methods: Seventy-two 32-week-old DeKalb hens were randomly assigned to 36 cages arranged to 3 banks. The banks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: cages with warmed perches (WP; perches with circulating water at 30 oC), air perches (AP, regular perches only) or no perches (NP) for a 21- day trial. The room temperature was set at 10 oC during the entire experimental period. Rectal temperature and body weight were measured from the same bird of each cage at day 1, 8, 15, and 21 during the cold exposure. Egg production was recorded daily. Feed intake, egg and eggshell quality were determined during the 1st and 3rd week of cold stress. Plasma levels of corticosterone, thyroid hormones (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine and thyroxine), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, were determined at day 1 and 21 post initiation of cold exposure. Results: Compared to both AP and NP hens, WP hens were able to maintain their body temperature without increasing feed intake and losing body weight. The eggs laid by WP hens had thicker eggshell during the 3rd week of cold exposure. Warmed perch hens also had a lower thyroxine conversion rate (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine/thyroxine) at day 1, while higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 at day 21. Plasma levels of corticosterone, 3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine, and IL-10 were not different among treatments. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the warmed perch system can be used as a novel thermal device for preventing cold stress-induced negative effects on hen health and welfare through regulating innate immunity and metabolic hormonal homeostasis.

The effectiveness of the inclusion of domestic enzymes in the compound feed to increase the egg production of laying hens and the quality of eggs

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
L. R. Mikhailova ◽  
L. V. Zhestyanova ◽  
A. Yu. Lavrentiev ◽  
N. M. Kostomakhin ◽  
V. S. Sherne
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Poultry Farming

Compound feed are subject to requirements for their composition, since they use several types of grains that contain anti-nutritive substances that reduce the digestibility and use of nutrients. One of the tasks of domestic poultry farming is to reduce losses by increasing the digestibility and accessibility of feed. Among the most effective ways to solve this problem is to add enzymes to the feed of poultry. The inclusion of enzyme drugs in the composition of compound feed contributes to the inactivation of anti-nutritive substances, which contributes to an increase in the coeffi cient of digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the work was to establish the feasibility and eff ectiveness of the enrichment of compound feed used in the production technology of chicken eggs with mixtures of enzyme drugs of domestic production of Amylosubtilin G3x, Cellolux-F and Protosubtilin G3x. Three groups of laying hens with 57 heads in each have been formed: a control group and two experimental groups. The duration of the experiment was 420 days. Laying hens of the control group have been received farm compound feed depending on their age. Laying hens of the 1st experimental group have been received compound feed of the control group enriched with the enzymes Amylosubtilin G3x and Cellolux-F depending on the age. In the compound feed of laying hens of the 2nd experimental group enzyme drugs were additionally introduced depending on the age Amilosubtilin G3x and Protosubtilin G3x. Higher egg production rates have been observed in the 1st experimental group – 357,81 eggs, which was 6,48 % higher than in the control group and 1,84 % higher than in the 2nd experimental group. The weight of eggs of laying hens of the 1st experimental group was 1,85 g or 2,97 % more, and the 2nd experimental group was 0,7 g or 1,12 % more than in the control group. The diff erence between the egg weight in laying hens of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups was 1,85 % or 1,15 g. The lowest feed consumption of 1,37 kg for the production of 10 eggs was in the laying hens of the 1st experimental group, which was less than the indicator of the control group by 10,94 and by 4,2 % than in the 2nd experimental group.

Dietary Silymarin (silybum marianum) to Improve The Health Status of Layer Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Talib Abdulwahid ◽  
◽  
Huda Hameed K. Alabbody ◽  
Hussein Ali Rashid ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Layer Chickens

The study aimed to evaluate silymarin material (SM) in reducing the damage in the body caused by residual aflatoxin as well as to improve the health status and quality of the produced eggs in laying hens which were fed on a contaminated diet with aflatoxin. The experiment was conducted on 120 layer chickens (ISA Brown” strain) aged 240-day were randomly divided into three equal groups (40 hens). The first group was fed a basal diet free of aflatoxin. The 2nd group fed on contaminated diet with aflatoxin (14.6 ppb) while the 3rd group fed on the same diet (in 2nd group) with 0.5% of silymarin/kg feed. Ten hens from each group were slaughtered at the end of the experiment for the histopathological examination to evaluate the harmful effect of aflatoxin in tissues (liver, spleen and intestine) as well as, estimated the production and quality of the produced eggs during experiment study. Abnormal visible symptoms observed on 2nd group include decreased in feed intake and body weight, as well as, in some there was abnormal pigmentation (comb and wattles). The most frequent effects on eggs were poor egg quality as decreased egg production, reduced egg size, thin or rough egg shell. The most common pathological lesions associated with aflatoxin residue in chickens were found in liver, spleen and intestine organs. In advanced cases, these organs become enlarged, swollen and changed colour into yellowish. While in the 3rd group, the macroscopic examination of the same organs was less pronounced and almost invisible. We conclude that silymarin has a significant effect and is highly effective in repairing the damage caused by aflatoxin to the body tissues of laying hens. The production in terms of the quantity and quality of eggs was not affected as well as, improving the health status.

scholarly journals Broilers of live bird markets at Mymensingh city carrying H9N2 Avian influenza virus in their respiratory tract

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Sanzida Rahman ◽  
Afroja Yasmin ◽  
Tahmina Ruba ◽  
Mohammad AHNA Khan
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Type A ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Live Bird ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Avian influenza (AI) caused by Type A influenza virus is a global zoonosis, infecting vast majority of mammalian and avian species. Broilers are meat type birds and randomly reared and sold by the farmers in Bangladesh with poor biosecurity. This study was aimed to identify the Type and subtypes of AI viruses in the broilers of two live bird markets, Mymensingh. A total of 10 birds from each of the market were randomly selected, investigated by clinical, pathological, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR), sequencing and sequence analysis. Out of 20 birds investigated, 06 were sick, 02 were dead and 12 were apparently healthy. Clinically, the sick/dead birds did not reveal any changes typical to AI. During necropsy, the sick/dead birds showed congested lungs and moderate hemorrhages in the trachea. Such lesions was absent in the lungs of apparently healthy birds. Following histopathological examination interstitial pneumonia with bronchitis was seen in sick/dead birds. The RT-PCR protocol was adapted to identify matrix protein gene of Type A influenza virus and amplified 430bp fragment is even cases. To identify the sub types of AI viruses involved, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene specific RT-PCR was carried out. 1475bp and 1089bp amplicons specific to HA and NA genes of AI viruses were generated in 07 cases. The cDNAs of HA and NA genes were sequenced, edited and revealed that the AI virus circulated in the live bird market of Mymensingh city is H9N2 subtype. Two sick, one dead and four apparently healthy birds found to carry H9N2 AI virus. The H9N2 virus is naturally low pathogenic for poultry, has got public health significance, and may donate partial or even whole cassette of internal genes to generate novel human-lethal reassortants of AI viruses; this was main concern for AI viral outbreak investigation in this study. It needs to examine large number of samples from wider sources to trace the rate of mutation and subsequent reemergence of pandemic AI viruses.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 225-233, August 2018

scholarly journals Discrepancies in the efficacy of H5 inactivated avian influenza vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chickens against challenge with the Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 Group B virus isolated in 2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 2131-2141
Author(s):  
Amena Abd El-Moeid ◽  
Ayman Hany EL-Deeb ◽  
Marwa Fathy Elsaied ◽  
Reem Ahamed Soliman ◽  
Mounir Mohamed EL-Safty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Protection Efficacy ◽  
Sera Samples

Background and Aim: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4 was newly emerged to Egypt and firstly detected in carcasses of wild birds in November 2016. This study assessed the protection efficacy and virus shedding reduction of three different inactivated avian influenza (AI) H5 (H5N1, H5N2, and H5N3) commercial vaccines against challenge with two newly emerging highly pathogenic AI virus H5N8 Egyptian isolates in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. Materials and Methods: 10-day-old SPF chicks (n=260) were divided into 20 groups (n=13). Groups 1-5 were vaccinated through the subcutaneous route (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N1 vaccine, Groups 6-10 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N2 vaccine, and Groups 11-15 were vaccinated (S/C) with 0.5 mL of H5N3 vaccine. Positive control groups (16-19) were challenged at 25 and 31 days old (2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination [PV]) using H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/duck/Egypt/ F13666A/2017(H5N8) and H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 A/chicken/Egypt/18FL6/2018(H5N8). Group 20 was left non-vaccinated as a control. All vaccinated groups were divided and challenged with both viruses at 25 and 31 days of age. The viral challenge dose was 0.1 mL of 106 EID50/0.1 mL titer/chick, and it was administered oronasally. All chicks were kept in isolators for 14 days after each challenge. Sera samples were collected weekly and at 2 weeks post-challenge (PC) to detect a humoral immune response. PC mortalities were recorded daily for 10 days to calculate the protection percentages. Tracheal swabs were collected from the challenged chicks in different groups at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC. Kidneys and spleens were collected at 3, 5, 7, and 10 days PC and kept in formalin for histopathological examination to assess lesions and severity scores. Tracheal swabs were inoculated in 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs for virus titration and to calculate shedding levels. Results: All studied vaccines displayed 70-100% protection within 10 days PC. Hemagglutination inhibition results from sera samples revealed antibody titers ranging from 0.6 to 5.4 log2 starting at 1-week PV with the highest titers at 4 weeks PV. Challenged SPF chickens exhibited a notable reduction in virus shedding, with an average of 1.5-2 log10, compared to control birds. Various histopathological lesions with different scores were detected. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the inadequate virus shedding reduction and protection efficacy of studied vaccines were variable and that the type of vaccine to be used under field conditions should be reconsidered. Study of the variability between the Egyptian old emerged AI (AIV) 2017 H5N8 strains and the new emerging AIV 2018 H5N8 is required to achieve optimal protection and limit the current economic losses.

scholarly journals Newcastle Disease Virus Induced Pathologies Severely Affect the Exocrine and Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas in Chickens

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Zaib Ur Rehman ◽  
Shanhui Ren ◽  
Salman Latif Butt ◽  
Zahid Manzoor ◽  
Javid Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Morbidity

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in poultry. ND causes heavy economic losses to the global poultry industry by decreasing the growth rate, decrease in egg production high morbidity and mortality. Although significant advances have been made in the vaccine development, outbreaks are reported in vaccinated birds. In this study, we report the damage caused by NDV infection in the pancreatic tissues of vaccinated and specific-pathogen-free chickens. The histopathological examination of the pancreas showed severe damage in the form of partial depletion of zymogen granules, acinar cell vacuolization, necrosis, apoptosis, congestion in the large and small vessels, sloughing of epithelial cells of the pancreatic duct, and mild perivascular edema. Increased plasma levels of corticosterone and somatostatin were observed in NDV-infected chicken at three- and five- days post infection (DPI). A slight decrease in the plasma concentrations of insulin was noticed at 5 DPI. Significant changes were not observed in the plasma levels of glucagon. Furthermore, NDV infection decreased the activity and mRNA expression of amylase, lipase, and trypsin from the pancreas. Taken together, our findings highlight that NDV induces extensive tissue damage in the pancreas, decreases the activity and expression of pancreatic enzymes, and increases plasma corticosterone and somatostatin. These findings provide new insights that a defective pancreas may be one of the reasons for decreased growth performance after NDV infection in chickens.

scholarly journals Overview: prevalence and structure of metabolic diseases of laying chickens, their influence on egg quality and condition of young chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (104) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
A. R. Shcherbatyy ◽  
L. G. Slivinska
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Gallstone Disease ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Comparative Review

The article analyzes and presents statistics on the number of laying hens in Ukraine, production, consumption and import of eggs for the last 5 years, the spread of metabolic diseases of laying hens on the basis of a review of literature sources. Metabolic disorders are the largest group of poultry diseases classified as metabolic diseases and cause significant economic losses. Hepatitis, hepatodystrophy, cirrhosis, liver abscesses, cholecystitis, and gallstone disease are diagnosed in laying hens as a result of impaired carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and mineral metabolism. With a lack or imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or D-hypovitaminosis, in chickens develop diseases such as osteoporosis and hypocalcemia, which reduce egg-laying, quality of hatching eggs and young poultry, and can lead to the death of embryos and adults. Hypovitaminosis (A, D, E) and microelementosis (Co, Cu, Zn, J) in poultry cause decreased immunity, disorders of hormonal system, growth, reproductive functions, egg production, dysfunction of internal organs and nervous system, contribute to the formation of defective eggs, development in embryo of alimentary diseases, which affects the hatchability and quality of young poultry. In view of this, the norms of feeding and keeping poultry are constantly being improved based on an in-depth study of these processes. The subject of this work was a comparative review of the results obtained by various authors on the most common metabolic diseases of laying hens, their impact on productive traits (laying), quality characteristics of eggs, embryogenesis, quality of young laying hens of modern high-yielding crosses. This review of literature sources can serve as a tool for determining the future direction of research, as well as an indicator of its practical application.

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