scholarly journals KONSEP-KONSEP KEGIATAN OFF-FARM

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Suratiyah
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Main Definition

Because of the increasingly limited agricultural areas, farm households could no longer depend merely on their farming products. The farmers try to obtain a double income from various off-farm resources. All of the existing family labourers -if they are still able and willing- are mobilized to join the off- farm employment for their household survivals.Off farm activities have become increasingly significant to the poorer burners, whereas for many social scientists they form substantial information which needs through attention to be able to estimate the farm honsebold income. Evenso, there has not been a uniformity of understanding among the scientists themselves about the main definition of off-farm activities. Consequently, there are varieties of meaning in analyzing farm household income coming from various sources of occupation.In this paper the author tries to present several alternatives of definition obtained from several researchers with the hope to ohtain agreements about the main definition of off-burn activities.

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHATANI BERKELANJUTAN PADA RUMAHTANGGA TANI DI DAERAH LAHAN PASANG SURUT KALIMANTAN TENGAH

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhon Wardie ◽  
Slamet Hartono ◽  
Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto ◽  
. Irham
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
External Input ◽  
T Test ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Farm Sustainability ◽  
Local Farm ◽  
Tidal Swamps

This research is aimed to analyse level income and level farm sustainability at farm household in tidal swamps area Central Kalimantan. This research   location, i.e.,  Kapuas regency is selected purposively and 100  samples are  sampled purposively on the basis of  two difference farming locations  of tidal swamps area that managed by local farm households and non local farm households.  Level farm household income then analysed with tabulate from whole activity. Analysis to indicate the difference level of  farm household income between local and  non local farm household use  t-test. . The  farm sustainability is  analysed with indicator skoring farm sustainability. The research showed that there is no significant difference between local and non local farm household income statistically eventhough local farm household income is higher than that of non local. The research also revealed that level farm sustainability of non local farm household is categorized as high sustainable, while  local farm household is categorized into moderate. Result from t-test indicates  a significant difference of  sustainability index value between two farm households. . Furthermore, Farm households have right motivation  and apply sustainable agriculture principles which is emphasized to take care of environmental continuity of natural resources without neglecting in increasing of productivity  and income. In terms of  external  and internal input usage, non local farm household behavior and attitudes is better than local farm household.Keywords: tidal swampsarea, farm household, sustainable farming, external input

scholarly journals Analisis EKONOMI USAHATANI PADI DAN KELAYAKAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI DI DESA SAMBENG KULON KECAMATAN KEMBARAN KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Chica Anditia Pratiwi ◽  
Dyah Setyorini Gunawan ◽  
Istiqomah Istiqomah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Total Household Income ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Average Contribution

This study aims to analyze the economic efficiency of rice farming and to measure the contribution of rice farming to total household income and to analyze the living standard of farm households in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas Regency. The study was conducted in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas District. There were 71 farm households selected by stratified random sampling. The analysis used to calculate the economic efficiency of rice farming is R/C ratio. The contribution of paddy farming to farm household income is obtained by dividing the income earned from rice farming by the total household income multiplied by 100 percent. The living standard is measured by calculating the farm household income divided by the number of dependents in order to get percapita income. This figure is then compared to the regency’s current decent living standard. The results of this study indicate that 1) rice farming in Sambeng Kulon village with an area of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha has a smaller profit (IDR2.718.580) compared with respondents who have land area> 0.5 Ha (IDR7.892.904), 2) the average contribution of rice farming income to farm households with landholding of  ​​≤ 0.5 Ha (54,96 percent) is lower than the contribution of rice farming income obtained by respondents with landholding of > 0.5 Ha (77,43 percent), 3) the average income earned by respondents from rice farming (IDR1.624.961,00) is sufficient to meet the average household consumption of IDR 1,379,441.00, and 4) of 71 respondents in Sambeng Kulon Village, 63 respondents live below the decent living standard; after being added with nonfarm income, this figure decreased to 55 respondents. The implication of this research is that the respondents are expected to increase the landholding to increase income earned from rice farming or earn additional nonfarm income so that they can meet household consumption.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Analysis of Alternative Farming Systems in Improving Livelihood Security of Small Farmers in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadika Sharmin ◽  
M. Serajul Islam ◽  
Md. Kamrul Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Livelihood Security ◽  
Integrated Farming ◽  
Alternative Farming

The present study attempted to determine the economic returns of alternative farming system of integrated farming aiming to address the livelihood security of small farm households. One hundred and sixty small and medium farmers practicing in four different FS such as Crop-Poultry (C-P), Crop-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-P-F), Crop-Livestock-Poultry (C-L-P) and Crop-Livestock-Poultry-Pond fisheries (C-L-P-F) were selected from Mymensingh, Jamalpur and Sherpur district. The main information collected were socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, household income from farm and non-farm sources, size of land holding and farming system followed, livestock and poultry rearing and pond fish culture, and effect of integrated farming on household income and livelihood security of small farm households. Data were collected covering one production period during 2009-2010. For estimating farm income of small farm household, whole farm approach was considered. Increased number of farm enterprises caused higher farm income. However, considering the small farm practices and whole farm approach, the farm income as well as net return was higher for C-L-P-F farmers (Tk. 57002), followed by C-L-P (Tk. 52978), C-P-F (Tk. 20447) and C-P (Tk. 13734) farmers. Some of the most commonly used factors in the assessment of livelihood security included those related to household income and expenditure, expenditure spent on food, adequacy of food taken, household structure and facilities, owning household assets, and access to drinking water and sanitation, and other basic needs of farm household. All these socioeconomic factors were found to be related livelihood security of small farmers in Bangladesh. Women were more involved in income earning activities and household decision making with the introduction of integrated farming in small farm condition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11065The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 51-63

scholarly journals ANALISIS EKONOMI USAHATANI PADI DAN KELAYAKAN RUMAH TANGGA TANI DI DESA SAMBENG KULON KECAMATAN KEMBARAN KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Chica Anditia Pratiwi ◽  
Dyah Setyorini Gunawan ◽  
Istiqomah Istiqomah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Total Household Income ◽  
Nonfarm Income ◽  
Average Contribution

This study aims to analyze the economic efficiency of rice farming and to measure the contribution of rice farming to total household income and to analyze the living standard of farm households in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas Regency. The study was conducted in Sambeng Kulon Village, Kembaran Sub-district, Banyumas District. There were 71 farm households selected by stratified random sampling. The analysis used to calculate the economic efficiency of rice farming is R/C ratio. The contribution of paddy farming to farm household income is obtained by dividing the income earned from rice farming by the total household income multiplied by 100 percent. The living standard is measured by calculating the farm household income divided by the number of dependents in order to get percapita income. This figure is then compared to the regency’s current decent living standard. The results of this study indicate that 1) rice farming in Sambeng Kulon village with an area of ​​≤ 0.5 Ha has a smaller profit (IDR2.718.580) compared with respondents who have land area> 0.5 Ha (IDR7.892.904), 2) the average contribution of rice farming income to farm households with landholding of  ​​≤ 0.5 Ha (54,96 percent) is lower than the contribution of rice farming income obtained by respondents with landholding of > 0.5 Ha (77,43 percent), 3) the average income earned by respondents from rice farming (IDR1.624.961,00) is sufficient to meet the average household consumption of IDR 1,379,441.00, and 4) of 71 respondents in Sambeng Kulon Village, 63 respondents live below the decent living standard; after being added with nonfarm income, this figure decreased to 55 respondents. The implication of this research is that the respondents are expected to increase the landholding to increase income earned from rice farming or earn additional nonfarm income so that they can meet household consumption.

Distributional effect of the farmer pension program in Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yir-Hueih Luh ◽  
Min-Fang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Oaxaca Decomposition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pension Program ◽  
Dynamic Decomposition

PurposeThe Old Farmer Pension Program (OFPP) represents Taiwan’s long-standing efforts aiming at improving farm household income and well-being; however, how effective the pension program is in terms of achieving the policy agenda has remained unclear. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachBased on data drawn from the Survey of Family Income and Expenditure during 1999–2013, two identification strategies are used to examine the effect of OFPP. First the authors apply the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to address the concern if the program reaches the socially/economically disadvantaged farm households. The second identification strategy involves using the static and dynamic decomposition approaches to identify the major factors contributing to farm household income inequality and the redistribution role of the OFPP.FindingsResults from the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition indicate that about 60 percent of the income gap can be eliminated if the pension recipients’ socio-economic characteristics are the same as the non-recipient group, suggesting it is the disadvantaged group that receives the old farmer pension. Moreover, the results suggest the significant contributions of household investments in health and human capital as well as diversification toward nonfarm activities, to income inequality among Taiwan’s farm households. Results from the dynamic decomposition suggest that the first-wave adjustment of the OFPP enlarges farm household income inequality, the following two waves of adjustment, however, plays an equalizing role.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature by providing a methodological refinement promoting the view that it calls for the use of the dynamic (change) decomposition framework to investigate the inequality-enlarging or inequality-equalizing role each income determinant plays.

scholarly journals THE REDISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN POLAND’S AGRICULTURAL BUDGETS IN THE LONG TERM

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Czyżewski ◽  
Ryszard Kata ◽  
Anna Matuszczak
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Real Increase ◽  
Redistribution Function

The study specifies the premises and purposes of the redistribution function of budget expenditures on agriculture. It determines the amount of expenditures fulfilling these purposes in Poland’s agricultural budgets in 1995–2018. An attempt was also made to assess their effects in the context of the dynamics of farmers’ income, the disparity between farmers’ income and the incomes of other social and professional groups, as well as intrasectoral disproportion in farm household income. It was demonstrated that the increase of budget expenditures on agriculture in 2004 contributed to a real increase of farmers’ income and a decrease in the disparity between the income of farm households and the income of households in general and of working households. However, the increase of redistribution expenditures did not reverse the progressing process of farm household income polarisation.

Middle class ideologies: Norms and historical changes.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huynh ◽  
Igor Grossmann
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
American Society ◽  
Definition Of

Ever since social scientists became interested in understanding intergroup dynamics, the topic of the “middle class” and its distinction from other groups in society became the central feature of a theoretical and empirical research enterprise. In this overview essay we discuss the beliefs, values and behavioral tendencies attributed to American middle class beliefs, and discuss their implications for understanding class-related norms and values. We end with a reflection over the historical trends that impact societal norms and the definition of middle class in the American society.

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

scholarly journals Choice of Modern Food Distribution Channels and Its Welfare Effects: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Yun-Cih Chang ◽  
Min-Fang Wei ◽  
Yir-Hueih Luh
Keyword(s):  
Control Function ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Marketing Channel ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Decomposition Approach

The determinants and/or economic effects of modern food distribution channels have attracted much attention in previous research. Studies on the welfare consequences of modern channel options, however, have been sparse. Based on a broader definition of modern food distribution channels including midstream processors and downstream retailers (supermarkets, hypermarkets, brand-named retailers), this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the distributional implications of farm households’ choice of modern food distribution channels using a large and unique farm household dataset in Taiwan. Making use of the two-step control function approach, we identify the effect of modern food distribution options on farm households’ profitability. The results reveal selling farm produce to modern food distributors does not produce a positive differential compared to the traditional outlets. Another dimension of farm household welfare affected by the choice of modern food distribution channel is income inequality. We apply the Lerman and Yitzhaki decomposition approach to gain a better understanding of the effect of the marketing channel option on the overall distribution of farm household income. The Gini decomposition of different income sources indicates that the choice of modern food distribution channels results in an inequality-equalizing effect among the farm households in Taiwan, suggesting the inclusion of smallholder farmers in the modern food distribution channels improves the overall welfare of the rural society.

scholarly journals Formation of skills to create stories of different type in senior preschool children

2018 ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
Alexander Savchin
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Main Definition

The article gives an analysis of problems of formation of skills in children of the senior preschool age to build stories of different types. On the basis of the theoretical analysis of psycho-pedagogical and special literature, based on the main definition of «building a story», a subordinate term is formulated in relation to the topic of the study: «building stories of different types» The psychological and pedagogical conditions of formation of sustainable skills of creation and expedient use of stories of different types in children of the senior preschool age are revealed and substantiated. The components, criteria, indicators and levels of formation of abilities to build a different type of narration in children of the sixth year of life are determined. The stages of formation of persistent skills for building different types of stories by senior preschoolers are singled out. The lack of effective pedagogical technologies in relation to the formation of skills in the children of the senior preschool age to build and expedient use of narration of comprehensive typing significantly reduces the effective preparation of children to school. The proposed pedagogical and motivational technology for the formation of children of the sixth year of a sustainable ability to create stories of various types provides the small person an effective communicative tool, which will definitely promote its self-realization both in school environment and in career, society, own life. The prospects for further research are outlined, such independent types of stories are presented as a story - an instruction and a story - a presentation.

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