scholarly journals PENENTUAN MUSIM TANAM, JENIS VARIETAS, DAN TEKNIK BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PADI TERKAIT MITIGASI EMISI METANA (CH4) (Determination of Early Planting Season, Type Varieties, and Cultivation Techniques of Rice as Mitigation to Methane Emission)

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lilik Slamet Supriatin
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wetland Mitigation ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Cultivation Techniques ◽  
Planting Season

ABSTRAKEmisi metana (CH4) dari pertanian padi lahan sawah dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti cara pemberian air, pengolahan tanah, varietas padi, dan iklim. Pada penelitian ini dikaji tahap penentuan musim tanam, pemilihan varietas padi, dan tahap terakhir adalah teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang terkait mitigasi emisi CH4. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa musim tanam padi pada musim kemarau menghasilkan emisi CH4 lebih kecil daripada di musim hujan dengan pengurangan emisi CH4 sebesar 18,13%. Indonesia yang memiliki tiga tipe pola curah hujan tahunan (monsunal, equatorial, lokal) mengakibatkan periode musim tanam rendah emisi CH4 berbeda antara tipe curah hujan yang satu dengan lainnya. Varietas padi Way apo buru adalah varietas yang menghasilkan emisi CH4 terendah tetapi tetap optimum dalam produksi gabah sehingga dapat dipilih menjadi prioritas pertama untuk ditanam. Teknik budidaya pertanian padi lahan sawah yang menghasilkan rendah emisi CH4 dapat dilakukan dengan membuat genangan air yang dangkal saja, dengan cara pemberian air berselang, dan kombinasi antara pemeliharaan padi, ganggang, tanaman paku air, ikan air tawar, dan bakteri metanotrof dalam satu petak lahan sawah (mina padi plus). Pemberian air dengan cara berselang menurunkan emisi CH4 pada musim kemarau sebesar 59,36% dan pada musim hujan sebesar 51,68% jika dibandingkan dengan pemberian air secara terus-menerus (kontinyu). Teknik budidaya mina padi plus mengurangi emisi CH4 sebesar 21,5 kg/ha/musim tanam dan bakteri metanotrof mengurangi emisi CH4 ke atmosfer sebesar 20-60 Tg. Sawah dapat dijadikan sebagai instalasi terbuka pengolahan udara berlimbah CH4. ABSTRACTMethane (CH4) emissions from rice cultivation can be influenced by several factors i.e. the provision of water, soil cultivation, varieties of rice, and the climate. This study will examine the determination of the growing season, the selection of rice varieties and cultivation techniques of rice agriculture-related wetland mitigation of the CH4 emission. The results showed that the rice planting season in the dry season produces CH4 emissions is smaller than in the rainy season with CH4 emission reduction of 18.13%. Indonesia, which has three types of annual rainfall patterns resulting in periods of low growing season CH4 emissions differ between types of rainfall each other. Way apo buru rice species are varieties that produce low emissions of CH4 but remains optimum in grain production. Cultivation techniques of rice farming rice fields that produce low emissions of CH4 can be done by creating a pool of shallow water only, by way of provision of water intermittent, and the combination of maintenance of rice, algae, plants salviniales, freshwater fish, and bacteria metanotrof in a wetland. The provision of water by intermittent lowering emissions of CH4 in the dry season by 59.36% and in the rainy season amounted to 51.68% when compared to the provision of water continuously (continuous). Mina padi plus cultivation techniques reduce CH4 emissions by 21.5 kg/ha/planting and metanotrof bacteria can reduce CH4 emissions to the atmosphere by 20-60 Tg. 

scholarly journals The effect of planting season on physical and chemical characteristics of local rice varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
K Fahmy ◽  
D Yanti ◽  
D A Permata
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Planting Season

Abstract The season is the time interval with the most frequent weather. The rainy season is the time when it rains a lot, while the dry season is the time when it rains a little. Planting season is one of the factors that affect the quality of the grain, which directly determines the quality of rice. This study aims to determine the effect of the growing season on the physical-chemical characteristics of rice. The sample observed was the Bujang Marantau rice (local variety) which was taken from two seasons (dry season and rainy season) in the same location, which is Nagari Singkarak, X Koto Singkarak District, Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. The physical characteristics examined were head rice, broken rice, and groats. Chemical characteristics analyzed were amylose content determined by the IRRI method (1971). Meanwhile, water content and ash content were analyzed by the gravimetric method. In addition, fat content was determined by the Soxhlet method with Weibull modification. Furthermore, protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method. The results showed that the growing season did not affect the ash content, fat content, and carbohydrates of the Bujang Marantau rice, but affected the water, protein, and amylose content. Based on the quality requirements (SNI 6128:2015), Bujang Marantau rice is included in the medium quality class 1.

scholarly journals Crosstalk Pathway between Trehalose Metabolism and Cytokinin Degradation for the Determination of the Number of Berries per Bunch in Grapes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2378
Author(s):  
Ayane Moriyama ◽  
Chiho Yamaguchi ◽  
Shinichi Enoki ◽  
Yoshinao Aoki ◽  
Shunji Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cytokinin Oxidase ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
New Information ◽  
Trehalose Metabolism ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

In grapes, the number of flowers per inflorescence determines the compactness of grape bunches. Grape cultivars with tight bunches and thin-skinned berries easily undergo berry splitting, especially in growing areas with heavy rainfall during the grapevine growing season, such as Japan. We report herein that grape cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 5 (VvCKX5) determines the number of berries per inflorescence in grapes. The number of berries per bunch was inversely proportional to the VvCKX5 expression level in juvenile inflorescences among the cultivars tested. VvCKX5 overexpression drastically decreased the number of flower buds per inflorescence in Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that VvCKX5 might be one of the negative regulators of the number of flowers per inflorescence in grapes. Similarly, the overexpression of grape sister of ramose 3 (VvSRA), which encodes trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of trehalose-6-phosphate into trehalose, upregulated AtCKX7 expression in Arabidopsis plants, leading to a decrease in the number of flower buds per Arabidopsis inflorescence. VvCKX5 gene expression was upregulated in grapevine cultured cells and juvenile grape inflorescences treated with trehalose. Finally, injecting trehalose into swelling buds nearing bud break using a microsyringe decreased the number of berries per bunch by half. VvCKX5 overexpression in Arabidopsis plants had no effect on the number of secondary inflorescences from the main inflorescence, and similarly trehalose did not affect pedicel branching on grapevine inflorescences, suggesting that VvCKX5, as well as VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism, regulates flower formation but not inflorescence branching. These findings may provide new information on the crosstalk between VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism and VvCKX-mediated cytokinin degradation for determining the number of berries per bunch. Furthermore, this study is expected to contribute to the development of innovative cultivation techniques for loosening tight bunches.

scholarly journals Penentuan Awal dan Durasi Musim Kemarau Menggunakan Fungsi Polynomial dengan Aplikasi Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

Agromet ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Fadli Irsyad ◽  
Satyanto Krido Saptomo ◽  
Budi Indra Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Function ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Demand Prediction ◽  
Visual Basic For Applications ◽  
Length Determination ◽  
Climate Station ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Forecasting the occurrence of the onset of dry season and its length is important in determining the availability of water for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses. The length of dry season is used for reference in calculating water demand. Prediction of drought can be studied based on the rainfall patterns that have occurred. This is possible because there is a tendency that the rain will repeat a certain pattern at a certain time. The purpose of this study was to predict the onset of dry and rainy seasons as well as their length. Determination of the onset of dry season and its length was conducted using polynomial function of the cumulative amount of rain every single day based on the rain data. The research was conducted using rainfall data from Climate Station III in Serang from 1989 to 2010. The sum of daily rainfall could form a polynomial function. If the magnitude of daily rainfall in a certain period of time is less than the slope of the cumulative annual rainfall, then at that time the dry season is occurred. Determination of the dry season peak can be done by finding the maximum (extreme) point from the polynomial function by getting the second derivative which value is close or equal to zero. In average, the dry season occurred in Serang city started on the 132nd until 300th day. Deviation value for the onset of dry and rainy seasons were 23 and 38 days, respectively, with an average of length of 168 days. The average of R2 value for polynomial function was 0.9937.

scholarly journals Variation in Onset of Leaf Unfolding and Wood Formation in a Central African Tropical Tree Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhely Angoboy Ilondea ◽  
Hans Beeckman ◽  
Joris Van Acker ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Adeline Fayolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Congo Basin ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tropical Tree Species

A diversity of phenological strategies has been reported for tropical tree species. Defoliation and seasonal dormancy of cambial activity inform us on how trees cope with water stress during the dry season, or maximize the use of resources during the rainy season. Here, we study the matching between leaf phenology (unfolding and shedding) and cambial activity for Prioria balsamifera, a key timber species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In particular, we (i) evaluated the seasonality of cambial activity and synchrony of phenology among trees in response to climate and (ii) identified the seasonality of leaf phenology and its relation with cambial phenology. The study was conducted in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe forest at the southern margin of the Congo Basin. Historic defoliation data were collected every ten days using weekly crown observations whereas recent observations involved time-lapse cameras. Cambial pinning was performed on ten trees during 20 months and radius dendrometers were installed on three trees during 13 months. Tree rings were measured on cores from 13 trees and growth synchrony was evaluated. We found that P. balsamifera defoliates annually with a peak observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The new leaves unfolded shortly after shedding of the old leaves. The peak defoliation dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14 and the fraction of number of trees that defoliated at a given time was found to be negatively correlated with annual rainfall and temperature; during the dry season, when precipitation and temperatures are the lowest. Wood formation (radial growth), was found to be highly seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season and growth starting at the beginning of the rainy season. Individual ring-width series did not cross date well. The within species variability of leaf phenology and cambial rhythms provides indication about resistance of the population against climatic changes.

scholarly journals Seasonal morphological variability in an in situ Cyanobacteria monoculture: example from a persistent Cylindrospermopsis bloom in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Lind ◽  
Laura Dávalos-Lind ◽  
Carlos López ◽  
Martin López ◽  
Juli Dyble Bressie
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Trichome Morphology ◽  
Determining Factor

<p>The phrase <em>cyanobacteria bloom</em> implies a transient condition in which one to few species dominates communities. In this paper we describe a condition in which the <em>bloom</em> is of multi-year duration consisting of different morphologies of a single cyanobacteria species. Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, México maintained a year-round massive (10<sup>8</sup> trichomes L<sup>-1</sup>) population of potentially toxin-producing cyanobacteria, <em>Cylindrospermopsis spp.</em> The trichomes are present as straight and coiled morphotypes.  The relative trichome morphology abundance varied with rainy (June – October) and dry seasons (November – May), but total trichome abundance did not vary.  Coiled trichomes and heterocytes (occurring only on coiled trichomes) were significantly more abundant, both absolutely and relatively, during the dry season. Both coiled trichome and heterocyte mean volumes were significantly smaller during the rainy season than during the dry season.  Biovolumes were largest in January when water temperature was 5º C cooler suggesting buoyancy as a morphology-determining factor. However, with a more than three-fold lower TIN concentration during the dry season, we hypothesized that the coiled morphotype became abundant primarily because it formed heterocytes, which the straight morphotype did not. Spatial trichome and heterocyte abundance differences were small among the 15 lake sites (average CV for all dates = 20%). However, there was a pattern of increased heterocyte and coiled trichome abundance from lake inflow, as a nitrogen source, to outflow during the rainy season. The total volume of heterocytes per litre of lake water increased progressively four-fold from a minimum early in the rainy season to a maximum at the end of the dry season. Morphological diversity, as seen in Lake Catemaco, can partially compensate for the lack of species diversity in determination of community structure.</p>

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN KASUS MALARIA BERDASARKAN MUSIM DI DAERAH ENDEMIS WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS HANURA KABUPATEN PESAWARAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Devita Febriani Putri ◽  
Tusy Triwahyuni ◽  
Ismalia Husna ◽  
Zihan Aulia Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Health Center ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value

Pesawaran District, Lampung Province, is a high malaria-endemic area. Environmental factors, such as rainfall in the rainy season and dry season have an effect on malaria cases. The increase in malaria cases and the causes of infection are thought to be related to the changing seasons. The purpose of the study was to determine the comparison of malaria cases based on the seasons in the endemic areas of the Hanura Health Center Pesawaran District. This research is descriptive, with total sampling taken in the form of secondary data per malaria case and Plasmodium species in Hanura Health Center in 2016-2017. Determination of the rainy season and the dry season is based on the average rainfall data obtained at BMKG Lampung Pesawaran Climatology Station in 2018. Univariate analysis was carried out to determine the frequency distribution of malaria cases and Plasmodium species based on the season, and Independent T-test to compare malaria cases in the rainy and dry season. In total there were 4266 malaria cases consisting of malaria cases in the rainy season as many as 2486 cases with falciparum malaria as many as 1414 cases and malaria cases during the dry season as many as 1780 cases with falciparum malaria as many as 899 cases. The results showed significant differences in malaria cases during the rainy season and dry season with a P-value of 0.046. High rainfall (> 50mm) during the rainy season allows an increase in the volume of water from upstream to sea resulting in rivers, ponds, and sewers becoming habitats potential for the breeding of Anopheles spp. Abstrak Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung merupakan daerah endemis tinggi malaria yang mengalami perubahan musim setiap tahunnya. Faktor lingkungan seperti curah hujan pada musim hujan dan musim kemarau berpengaruh pada kasus malaria. Peningkatan kasus malaria dan penyebab infeksinya diduga terkait dengan perubahan musim yang terjadi.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan kasus malaria berdasarkan musim di daerah endemis wilayah kerja Puskesmas Hanura Kabupaten Pesawaran. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif, dengan pengambilan sampel secara total sampling berupa data sekunder per bulan kasus malaria dan spesies Plasmodium di Puskesmas Hanura pada tahun 2016-2017. Penentuan musim hujan dan musim kemarau berdasarkan data rata- rata curah hujan yang didapatkan di BMKG Stasiun Klimatologi Pesawaran Lampung tahun 2018. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi kasus malaria dan spesies Plasmodium berdasarkan musim, dan uji T-test Independent untuk membandingkan kasus malaria pada musim hujan dan kemarau. Total sampel terdapat 4266 kasus malaria yang terdiri dari kasus malaria pada musim hujan sebanyak 2486 kasus dengan malaria falsiparum sebanyak 1414 kasus dan kasus malaria pada musim kemarau sebanyak 1780 kasus dengan malaria falsiparum sebanyak 899 kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna pada kasus malaria pada musim hujan dan musim kemarau dengan nilai P=0,046. Curah hujan yang tinggi (>50mm) pada musim hujan memungkinkan adanya peningkatan volume air dari hulu ke laut yang mengakibatkan sungai, kolam, tambak dan selokan menjadi  habitat potensial berkembangbiaknya vektor malaria nyamuk Anopeles spp.

scholarly journals Determining of The Onset Early Local Rainy and Dry seasons in Tea Plantation

Agrologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakarias Frans Mores Hukom
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Rainy Days

Efforts to increase the productivity and quality of tea shoots are strongly influenced by local climatic and weather conditions at each plantation location.  The existence of climate change globally causes climate change fluctuations and weather elements in almost all tea plantation locations in the world from year to year. Determination of the local climate at each tea plantation location is important in establishing a stable and sustainable production management program and the quality of tea shoots. The weather parameters used for the determination of the start of the local rainy season (AMH) and the start of the dry season (AMK) at the tea plantation location in Tritis hamlet are the amount of rainfall and basic rainy days determined by the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG).  Rainfall data and local dasarian days of rain for a period of one year were analyzed using subjective descriptive methods involving graphical analysis and spatial analysis. The results showed that the beginning of the rainy season (AMH) in Tritis tea plantation was included in scenario 4 where AMH occurred in October 3 with the amount of rainfall ˃ 50 mm and the number of rainy days ˃ 6 days while the beginning of the dry season occurred in May 2 with the amount of rainfall ˂ 50 mm and the number of rainy days ˂ 6 days.Key words:  AMH, AMK, Rainfall, Dasarian, Rainy Day, and Tea Plantation.

scholarly journals Pendapatan dan Risiko Produksi Usahatani Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina Linn) pada Musim Hujan dan Kemarau di Subak Saradan, Desa Sibang Gede, Kecamatan Abiansemal, Kabupaten Badung

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
I MADE JUNI ADITYA ◽  
I WAYAN WIDYANTARA ◽  
PUTU UDAYANI WIJAYANTI
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Variation Coefficient ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Impatiens Balsamina ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Planting Season

Income and Production Risk of Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina Linn) Farm in Rainy and Dry Season in Saradan Subak, Sibang Gede Village, Abiansemal, Badung RegencyFlower use rate in Bali equals to farmer’s interest to produce flowers. Thisphenomenon becomes the reason for Subak Saradan’s farmer trying changing thehalf of their field in rainy and dry season to plant impatiens flower in order to fulfilthe needs of market of their products.The aims of this research is to know which season are best to plant impatiensflowerobserved from the differences in income and risk in rainy and dry season. Variablesin this research are farming analysis and Subak Saradan’s risk level. These variablesare analysed using quantitative method.The result of this research shows that impatiens flower farming in dry season isbetter than in the rainy season. The income of the farmers in this season is Rp532,287,522. More than total income in rainy season that isRp 388,338,689. Indicator that is used to measure the risk level in rainy and dryseason in this research is variation coefficient with each values are 0.57 and 0.50.The value of the coefficient in rainy season is higher than the dry season. Hence, therisk of failing is higher in this season.This research also projecting the income of the farmers that are burdened withproduction risk level in the planting season. The average value of respondent’sincome based on their land size and risk of the seasons areRp 1,574,044.33 and Rp 3,601,044.01. In some condition with the highest risk, couldmake 20,9 % respondents in rainy season and 14,5 % respondents in dry season maysuffer loss.

scholarly journals Long-term (35 Years) Rainy and Dry Season Characterization in Semiarid Northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sparacino ◽  
D.S. Argibay ◽  
G. Espindola
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Conservation Area

Abstract Uncertainties in the timing and quality of rainy season are a threat for food and water security, and also in terms of fire vulnerability. Then, understanding features associated to rainfall allows a climate characterization useful for climate and fire risk management. We used rainfall data series (1983-2018) from 15 meteorological stations to characterize the greatest conservation area of Brazilian-unique seasonally dry tropical forest Caatinga (northeastern Brazil). Accumulated anomalies in daily series were used to determine onset and end of rainy seasons. We also determined seasonal and annual rainfall (quality) and rain rate, and performed a dry season sub-classification. Results showed greater variability for end dates as compared to onset dates for rainy season. Droughts in the region are becoming more severe. We found a significant decreasing tendency of 7 mm/year on annual rainfall, of 0.3 mm/day per decade on rain rate, and an increase of 12 days per decade on consecutive dry days. Dry season length presented a 14-year periodicity and is related with previous but uncorrelated from posterior rainy season length. The complexity of the rainfall patterns is evidenced by the weak correlation we found between the amount of rainfall and the rainy season length.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF ETHYL P-METHOXY CINNAMATE IN KAEMPFERIA GALANGA L. RHIZOME EXTRACT HARVESTED IN RAINY AND DRY SEASONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
INDAH SUASANI WAHYUNI ◽  
IRNA SUFIAWATI ◽  
WIPAWEE NITTAYANANTA ◽  
JUTTI LEVITA
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Kaempferia Galanga ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Dry Seasons

Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (KGR), has been empirically used in Indonesia, particularly by Javanese, to cure inflammation. KGR contains various secondary metabolites which explain its pharmacology activities, among them is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). However, due to the different seasons of our country, the yield of extraction is often unalike. In this work, we determined the percentage of yield (w/w), the water content (thermogravimetric method), and the concentration of EPMC in the Ethanol extract of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome (EEKG) harvested from the rainy (EEKG-R) and dry seasons (EEKG-D). Methods: The sun-dried rhizomes were cold macerated for 3x24 h with 70% ethanol, filtered, and the solvent was evaporated at 40-45 °C until a viscous extract was obtained. The determination of EPMC in the extract was carried out using the RP-HPLC standard addition method. Detection was set at 308 nm; injection volume 20 µl; flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The column used is C18 (length 250 mm, internal diameter 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm). Results: The yield of EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) = 14.56% w/w, water content = 4.37%, and the EPMC = 0.01%. Meanwhile the yield of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) = 5.79% w/w, water content = 18.76%, and the EPMC = 0.001%. Conclusion: Different climates affect the percentage yield and the quality of the extract. In our work, the EEKG-R (harvested in the rainy season) revealed a better quality compared to that of EEKG-D (harvested in the dry season) This study gives important information to standardize and optimize the harvest time of KG rhizomes for drugs development, which are strongly influenced by seasonal differences.

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