scholarly journals Demographic Characteristics and Noneconomic Outcomes of Women Entrepreneurs with Moderation of Barriers: The Case of Small Enterprises in Rural Coastal Area of Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Ika Nur Putriantini ◽  
Yoshi Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Real World ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ◽  
The Relationship

As a means of escaping poverty, women often become entrepreneurs while maintaining a traditional occupation and this may limit their ability to take full advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities. This study provides a relevant examination of women entrepreneurs in a rural coastal area of a developing country; as such, it helps contribute to perspectives on demographic characteristics, on the barriers to, and the noneconomic outcomes of women entrepreneurs in the rural areas of developing countries. The results demonstrate that all the demographic characteristics of women entrepreneurs correlate significantly with noneconomic outcomes. Meanwhile, only three of five barriers were found to moderate the relationship between the demographic characteristics and noneconomic outcomes. These barriers are likely to affect the real-world relationship between the demographic characteristics and non-economic outcomes. For that reason, great attentions need to be given for policy makers to improve the presence of small enterprises.

OP48 Nursing Requirements In Long-Term Care: A Health Technology Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Paula Corabian ◽  
Charles Yan ◽  
Susan Armijo-Olivo ◽  
Bing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Real World ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Staff Time ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Relationship

IntroductionThe objectives of this study were to systematically review published research on the relationship between nursing staff coverage, care hours, and quality of care (QoC) in long-term care (LTC) facilities; and to conduct a real world evidence (RWE) analysis using Alberta real world data (RWD) to inform policy makers on whether any amendments could be made to current regulations.MethodsA systematic review (SR) of research evidence published between January 2000 and May 2018 on the relationship between nursing staff coverage, care hours, and QoC in LTC facilities was conducted. Panel data regressions using available RWD from Alberta, Canada, were performed to assess associations between nursing care hours and LTC outcomes. Outcomes of interest included quality indicators related to resident outcomes, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and family satisfaction. Nursing care hours considered in SR and RWE analysis included those provided by registered nurses (RNs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs).ResultsThe SR found inconsistent and poor quality evidence relevant to the questions of interest, indicating a great uncertainty about the association between nursing staff time and type of coverage and QoC. Although some positive indications were suggested, major weaknesses of reviewed studies limited interpretation of SR results. RWE analysis found that impact of care hours on LTC outcomes was heterogeneous, dependent on outcome measurements. There was evidence that total staff, RN, and LPN hours had positive effects on some resident outcomes and magnitude of effect differed for different nursing staff.ConclusionsNo definitive conclusion could be drawn on whether changing nursing staff time or nursing staff coverage models would affect residents’ outcomes based on the research evidence gathered in the SR. RWE analysis helped to fill a gap in the available published literature and allowed policy makers to better understand the impact of revising current regulations based on actual outcomes.

Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110332
Author(s):  
Ruchika Agarwala ◽  
Vinod Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Traffic Fatality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

scholarly journals Applying the Theory of Consumption Values to Explain Drivers’ Willingness to Pay for Biofuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaiza Zailani ◽  
Mohammad Iranmanesh ◽  
Sunghyup Sean Hyun ◽  
Mohd Ali
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Public Acceptance ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The transportation sector has dominated global fuel consumption and as a result, greenhouse gas emissions have risen at an alarming rate. As a consequence, many countries have adopted policies and strategies to diversify their fuel sources in the transportation sector. Biofuel is one of the potential substitution fuels that has attracted the attention of both researchers and policy makers. Public acceptance of biofuels is one of the major challenges for the implementation of biofuel blends in transportation. To determine the influence of different values that affect drivers’ willingness to pay for biofuels, the theory of consumption values is applied in the present research. The data were gathered by distributing questionnaires to 343 Malaysian people with driving licences and access to cars. The data were analysed using the partial least squares technique. The results of the analysis revealed that functional values, specific condition, emotional values and novelty seeking were among the main factors that influence drivers’ willingness to pay for biofuels. Social values were shown to not be a significant factor. The results of the study contribute to the literature by testing the relationship between consumption values and willingness to pay for biofuels. The information provided in the present research might be beneficial for policy makers in modifying tactics and strategies towards the successful promotion of the usage of biofuels in developing countries.

Exploring How Women Entrepreneurs Use Technology for Idea Generation

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-38
Author(s):  
Erastus Ndinguri ◽  
Krisanna Machtmes ◽  
Ryan J. Machtmes ◽  
Jessica Hill
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The study explores the relationship between the extent of use and access to emerging technology in business by women entrepreneurs and the different characteristics that may trigger generation of business ideas. The study was conducted through use of an interpretive scale of how women entrepreneurs use emerging technology. Several research questions were answered, including: “Do demographic characteristics play a role in knowing and using emerging technology?”; “Are there differences between the extent of use of emerging technologies and different entrepreneur women characteristics?” and “Is there a possible predictive model of idea generation and business formation, as measured by use of technology overall item mean score?”

Exploring How Women Entrepreneurs Use Technology for Idea Generation

2017 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Erastus Ndinguri ◽  
Krisanna Machtmes ◽  
Ryan J. Machtmes ◽  
Jessica Hill
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Idea Generation ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The study explores the relationship between the extent of use and access to emerging technology in business by women entrepreneurs and the different characteristics that may trigger generation of business ideas. The study was conducted through use of an interpretive scale of how women entrepreneurs use emerging technology. Several research questions were answered, including: “Do demographic characteristics play a role in knowing and using emerging technology?”; “Are there differences between the extent of use of emerging technologies and different entrepreneur women characteristics?” and “Is there a possible predictive model of idea generation and business formation, as measured by use of technology overall item mean score?”

10. Major Issues in IPE: Economic versus Political Power, Development, Globalization, How to Study the Real World

2021 ◽  
pp. 275-308
Author(s):  
Georg Sørensen ◽  
Jørgen Møller ◽  
Robert Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Real World ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hard Science ◽  
British School ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines four major issues in International Political Economy (IPE). The first concerns power and the relationship between politics and economics, and more specifically whether politics is in charge of economics or whether it is the other way around. The second issue deals with development and underdevelopment in developing countries. The third is about the nature and extent of economic globalization, and currently takes places in a context of increasing inequality between and inside countries. The fourth and final issue concerns how to study the real world from an IPE perspective and it pits the hard science American School against the more qualitative and normative British School.

scholarly journals Long-Term Exposure to Ambient PM2.5 and Increased Risk of CKD Prevalence in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxing Li ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Jinwei Wang ◽  
Minghui Zhao ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Spatiotemporal Model ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Evidence For Policy ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundFine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the association between PM2.5 and risk of CKD remains under-recognized, especially in regions with high levels of PM2.5, such as China.MethodsTo explore the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and CKD prevalence in China, we used data from the China National Survey of CKD, which included a representative sample of 47,204 adults. We estimated annual exposure to PM2.5 before the survey date at each participant’s address, using a validated, satellite-based, spatiotemporal model with a 10 km×10 km resolution. Participants with eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or albuminuria were defined as having CKD. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the association and analyzed the influence of potential modifiers.ResultsThe 2-year mean PM2.5 concentration was 57.4 μg/m3, with a range from 31.3 to 87.5 μg/m3. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was positively associated with CKD prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 1.35) and albuminuria (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.47). Effect modification indicated these associations were significantly stronger in urban areas compared with rural areas, in males compared with females, in participants aged <65 years compared with participants aged ≥65 years, and in participants without comorbid diseases compared with those with comorbidities.ConclusionsThese findings regarding the relationship between long-term exposure to high ambient PM2.5 levels and CKD in the general Chinese population provide important evidence for policy makers and public health practices to reduce the CKD risk posed by this pollutant.

scholarly journals The Role of Agriculture in Ensuring Food Security in Developing Countries: Considerations in the Context of the Problem of Sustainable Food Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Pawlak ◽  
Małgorzata Kołodziejczak
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Strategic Role

Ensuring food security has become an issue of key importance to countries with different degrees of economic development, while the agricultural sector plays a strategic role in improving food availability. The aim of this paper is to identify relationships between the undernourishment scale and selected characteristics describing the agricultural sector within identified clusters of developing countries. Typological groups of countries were separated using Ward’s method. It results from the analyses that the greatest problems with maintaining food security are observed in the developing countries with a high share of agriculture in their Gross Domestic Product (GDP), adverse conditions hindering agricultural production and deficient infrastructure. Based on research results desirable and tailored strategies for food security improvement in individual clusters were developed. Promoting investments in agricultural infrastructure and extension services along with adopting measures aimed at increasing the households’ purchasing power, especially those in rural areas, appear to be key drivers for improving both food availability and food access. The paper focuses not only on identifying the reasons of undernourishment, but also contributes to recognition of the most effective ways to solve the hunger problem under a country’s unique conditions. It offers a comprehensive perspective for the policy formulation in various areas world-wide, which may be of interest to scholars and policy makers.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Informal Economy and GDP Growth: A Study on South-Asian Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Asian Developing Countries

The informal economy has gained increased attention of the policy-makers and development practitioners, especially in the context of South-Asian developing countries. Though measuring the informal economy is difficult, statistics shows the rate of employment creation by the informal sector in this region is higher than the rest of the world. But the GDP growth rate in this region is still emerging in the global economic competition that indicates its effectiveness in the South-Asian region. The study was carried out to identify the relationship between the informal economy and GDP growth rate in South-Asian developing countries. The target population was economies of 8 South-Asian countries, which were also taken as the sample size. Data was collected from secondary sources and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between the informal economy and GDP growth rate in South Asian developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary for the policy-makers and development practitioners in this region to give emphasis on the informal sector entrepreneurs to ensure constant economic growth and development.

scholarly journals The Effect of Urbanization on Agricultural Productivity in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Talih Süt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Relationship

Agriculture is a very important activity for developing countries, and generally takes place in rural areas. Therefore, the urbanization directly affects agricultural activities. In this study, the relationship between agricultural productivity and urbanization is examined. In this context, carbon emission, representing environmental quality, was added as a control variable in the model. Because agricultural activities get their source from natural resources and the environment. The data set covers from 1992 to 2018 for 17 developing countries. According to the analysis, it was understood that the series were not co-integrated. According to the Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test, urbanization and carbon emissions are the cause of agricultural productivity. In addition, according to the same test results, it is not the cause of agricultural productivity, urbanization and carbon emissions.

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