scholarly journals Estimation of Average Car Speed Using the Haar-Like Feature and Correlation Tracker Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dzulfikar Fauzi ◽  
Agfianto Eko Putra ◽  
Wahyono Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Closed Circuit Television ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Correlation Tracker ◽  
On The Road

The speed of a car traveling on the road can generally be estimated by using a speed gun. Efforts are needed to use CCTV (closed circuit television) as a tool that can be used to estimate the speed of the car so as to ease the burden on the road operator to estimate the speed of the car. This study discusses the estimated average speed of the car with the Haar-like Feature method used to detect the car, then the detection results are tracked using Correlatin Tracker to track the movement of objects that have been detected and calculate the distance of movement from the car, so that the speed of the car detected in video can be estimated. The results of the estimated average speed compared with the results of taking speed with a speed gun so that an error is obtained by MAE testing of 5,55 km / hour and the resulting standard deviation is 4,61 km / hour, thus it can be concluded that the system is made valid and can be used by road organizers to monitor the average speed of a car.

Self-Driving Robotic Cars

2021 ◽  
pp. 599-631
Author(s):  
Jelena L. Pisarov ◽  
Gyula Mester
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
On The Road

Even the behavior of a single driver can have a dramatic impact on hundreds of cars, making it more difficult to manage traffic. While the attempts to analyze and correct the traffic patterns that lead to congestion began as early in the 1930s, it wasn't until recently that scientists developed simulation techniques and advanced algorithms to create more realistic visualizations of traffic flow. In experiments conducted by Alexandre Bayen and the Liao-Cho, which included several dozen cars in a small-scale closed circuit, a single autonomous vehicle could eliminate traffic jams by moderating the speed of every car on the road. In larger simulations, the research showed that once their number rises to 5-10% of all cars in the traffic, they can manage localized traffic even in complex environments, such as merging multiple lanes of traffic into two or navigating extremely busy sections.

Self-Driving Robotic Cars

2022 ◽  
pp. 969-1001
Author(s):  
Jelena L. Pisarov ◽  
Gyula Mester
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
On The Road

Even the behavior of a single driver can have a dramatic impact on hundreds of cars, making it more difficult to manage traffic. While the attempts to analyze and correct the traffic patterns that lead to congestion began as early in the 1930s, it wasn't until recently that scientists developed simulation techniques and advanced algorithms to create more realistic visualizations of traffic flow. In experiments conducted by Alexandre Bayen and the Liao-Cho, which included several dozen cars in a small-scale closed circuit, a single autonomous vehicle could eliminate traffic jams by moderating the speed of every car on the road. In larger simulations, the research showed that once their number rises to 5-10% of all cars in the traffic, they can manage localized traffic even in complex environments, such as merging multiple lanes of traffic into two or navigating extremely busy sections.

Safety Aspects of Sophisticated In-Vehicle Information Displays and Controls

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut T. Zwahlen ◽  
David P. DeBald
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Occlusion Time ◽  
The Road ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
On The Road

Two groups of six young and healthy subjects were used in this study to investigate the lateral path deviations when driving in a straight path with the eyes fixated on the road ahead, when driving while reading information inside of the automobile, and when driving with the eyes closed. Each group of subjects drove a typical large car and a typical small car at a fixed speed of 30 mph. An unused 2000 foot long and 75 foot wide, level, concrete airport runway was used to conduct the experiment. Each subject made three runs under each of the three conditions with the large car and with the small car (18 runs total). The lateral path deviations from the longitudinal centerline of the car to the centerline of the runway were measured every 15 feet for a distance of 705 feet. A device which dripped liquid dye was attached to the center of the rear bumper of the automobiles to indicate their paths. The results of this study show that the average lateral standard deviations for driving with the eyes fixated upon the road ahead were between 5.5″ and 11.3″. The difference in the lateral standard deviations for large and small automobiles was statistically not significant for distances between 100 and 500 feet from the starting point for the three conditions tested. The lateral standard deviation was smaller for reading text within the automobile than for driving with the eyes closed, and was statistically significant after an occlusion distance of 225 feet or an occlusion time of about 5 seconds. Using a constant of 0.041, the fundamental relationship between the lateral standard deviation, the speed, and the occlusion distance developed by Zwahlen and Balasubramanian (1974) fits the data for reading text inside of the automobile while driving fairly well. This constant is approximately one half of that which has been used for driving with the eyes closed (0.076) in this study. Based upon the results of this study, the development and introduction of sophisticated in-vehicle displays and/or touch panels should be halted and their safety aspects with regard to information aquisition, information processing, and driver control actions should be critically evaluated.

Mathematical Models of Vehicular Speed on Mountain Roads

2000 ◽  
Vol 1701 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Jose Andueza
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Geometric Conditions ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Vehicular Speed ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Design Speed

Mathematical models were developed to estimate vehicular speed on curves and tangents in mountain roads. The 85th percentile speed for curves was estimated by using the radius of the curve under consideration, the radius of the previous curve, sight distance in the curve, and tangent length before the curve. The average speed was calculated by using the radius of the curve under consideration, the radius of the previous curve, and sight distance. The 85th percentile and the average speed were estimated by using the radius of the previous curve and tangent length. Speeds adopted by drivers respond not to engineer’s design speed but to geometric characteristics of the road. A design procedure is proposed that takes advantage of available design speed and driver behavior on the road at the same time. On a curve, drivers consider two efficiency measures: speed and comfort. On some curves, they prefer to feel a certain degree of discomfort in exchange for obtaining greater speeds. For some geometric conditions, drivers adopt a speed that sacrifices not only comfort but also safety.

scholarly journals The effect of cellphone position on driving and gaze behaviour

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. K. Turnbull ◽  
Safal Khanal ◽  
Steven C. Dakin
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Speed Limits ◽  
The Road ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Lane Position

AbstractLegislation frequently restricts the use of cellphones while driving. Despite this, many people continue to interact with cellphones covertly while driving, typically by concealing their device in their lap. This strategy leads to frequent diversion of the drivers’ gaze from the road ahead, potentially reducing their driving performance. To evaluate the influence of cellphone use on driving, 30 participants took part in three randomly ordered 7-min virtual reality driving simulations. In each condition, drivers were presented with either (a) no cellphone, (b) a cellphone fixed to the windscreen, or (c) a cellphone positioned at lap level. Their task was to maintain road position and observe speed limits while answering maths problems (delivered intermittently via ‘text message’) and searching for external target objects. Outcome measures included speed, lane position standard deviation (LPSD), and fixation behaviour, which were compared between trials. In trials where a cellphone was present, participants shifted fixation more frequently, drove approximately 6 km/h faster, exhibited a lower LPSD and spent more time in the correct lane on the road (compared to the no-cellphone condition; all p < 0.001). Cellphone position influenced eye gaze behaviour, with drivers looking at the cellphone less frequently, and the speedometer more frequently. when the cellphone was in their lap compared to when the cellphone was positioned on the windscreen. Our results are consistent with participants driving more cautiously—checking speed and lane position more frequently—when they have a cellphone in the lap. Real-world driving data would be useful to determine whether this change in driving behaviour we observed is sufficient to offset the increased risk introduced by spending less time looking at the road ahead.

scholarly journals Situation Awareness Measurement in Remotely Controlled Cars

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Linkov ◽  
Marek Vanžura
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Closed Circuit ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Communication Interface ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
And Control ◽  
Real Traffic

This study reviews the current information concerning the measurement of the situation awareness (SA) of the teleoperated drivers of remotely controlled cars. The teleoperated drivers who drive these cars are in a remote location, and they control the cars through a communication interface. The objective methods with probes are beneficial in measuring SA on a closed circuit without real traffic. Questions specifically should address the information provided on the road by haptic sensations, such as the slope of the road and the vehicle's speed. Methods for measuring SA that involve probes and interruptions obviously are not suitable for use on public roads. A stable environment for the display and control of the communication interface is suitable for an eye tracker in measuring SA. These features also facilitate the use of subjective observer-rating methods. Both of these methods are suitable for driving on real roads because they are not intrusive. SA research in a real-road environment also should demonstrate how the SA of other drivers is affected by seeing a car without a driver. Given the remote character of driving, cultural differences in cognition may have a significant influence on the SA of the teleoperated driver.

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