scholarly journals Study of the Gold Extraction Using Tetra N-Butyl Ammonium Chloride-Chloroform

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
Yuli Puspito Rini ◽  
Agus Kuncaka ◽  
Ngatidjo Hadipranoto
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Constant ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Gold Extraction ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Brown Precipitate

The existence of the AuCl4- ion in the solution as the function of pH before performing the extraction of gold in the system of tetra N-butylammonium chloride (TBACI) -chloroform has been studied. The experimental data showed that AuCl4- ion was hydrolyzed at pH 5-10 and, an amorf dark-brown precipitate was appeared at pH 11-14. Amount of gold in the solution at pH 14 before extraction was around 70%. Study of the extraction has been carried out by investigating the influence of pH and TBACI concentration on the extraction efficiency. The experimental result indicated that TBACI was very efficient extractant for the extraction of gold from aqueous halide with the efficiency higher than 99%. The extraction of Gold in the TBACI-chloroform was effective at pH 0-4 with minimum concentration of TBACI 10-3 M, and the calculated Kex (extraction constant) was 5.07x10-4.

scholarly journals Study on Modulation Bandwidth and Light Extraction Efficiency of Flip-Chip Light-Emitting Diode with Photonic Crystals

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Ming Zhong ◽  
Lijun Tan ◽  
Wei Shi ◽  
Quanbin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Photonic Crystals ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Light Extraction ◽  
Light Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Modulation Bandwidth ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Current Densities

In this study, the photonic crystal structure is employed to increase both the light extraction efficiency and the modulation bandwidth of flip-chip GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The finite difference time domain method is utilized to investigate the influence of structure of photonic crystals on the Purcell factor and light extraction efficiency of flip-chip GaN-based LEDs. Simulation results show that the modulation bandwidth is estimated to be 202 MHz at current densities of 1000 A/cm2. The experimental result of modulation bandwidth is in accord with the simulation. The optical f-3dB of the device achieves 212 MHz at current densities of 1000 A/cm2 and up to 285 MHz at current densities of 2000 A/cm2. This design of photonic crystal flip-chip LED has the potential for applications in high-frequency visible light communication.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Shear Strength of Directly and Indirectly Loaded Flanged Recycled Self-Compacted Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Thamer Hussein Amer Alhussein ◽  
Jamal Abdul Samad Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Ultimate Load ◽  
American Concrete Institute ◽  
Shear Capacity ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Deep Beams ◽  
Aashto Lrfd

Experimental and numerical investigations of the behavior of directly and indirectly loaded flanged reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams cast with self-compacted concrete (SCC) containing recycled concrete as coarse aggregate (RCA) were conducted in this research. Seventeen RC deep flanged beams were designed to fail in shear. These beams were divided into three groups: twelve indirectly loaded beams without shear reinforcement; three directly loaded beams without stirrups; and two indirectly loaded beams with vertical stirrups. These beams were also classified according to the RCA ratio and shear span-to-effective depth (a/d) ratio, which will be detailed later. The RCA ranged from 0% to 75%, while the a/d ratio was taken as 1.0, 1.35, and 1.7. Experimental results show that the use of RCA reduces the cracking and ultimate capacities, and this finding complies with the conclusions of several research studies in the literature as will be detailed later. It was observed that beams with higher RCA exhibited higher deflection, strain, and crack width. Furthermore, by increasing the a/d ratio, the ultimate load was decreased due to the lower contribution of arch action shear transfer in the beam. A web reinforcement spaced at 100 mm and 50 mm increases the ultimate load by 35% and 48%, respectively. Strut and tie model (STM) presented by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318-14 and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO LRFD 2012) was used to predict the ultimate shear capacity of the beams. STM predicted lower beam capacity than the experimental result. The ultimate strength calculated using ACI318-14 and AASHTO LRFD 2012 was on average 38% and 52% lower than the experimental data, respectively, which reflects the conservative nature of this approach. Finally, 3D finite element models were created to investigate the responses of the beams. The FE results showed very good agreement with the experimental data, where FE-predicted shear capacities were on average 9% higher than the experimental results.

scholarly journals Modelling and analysis the effect of unbalanced moment directions on behaviour of edge column-slab connections

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01007 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Ketut Sudarsana ◽  
I Gede Gegiranang Wiryadi ◽  
Gede Adi Susila
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Free Edge ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Concrete Damage ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
Concrete Damage Plasticity ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Punching Failure

This research investigates the effect of unbalanced moment directions on the behaviour of edge column slab connections using a finite element analysis. The analyses were done on subassembly edge column slab connections that were designed according to Indonesian Concrete Standard (SNI 2847:2013). Three unbalanced moment directions were considered namely perpendicular, parallel and inclined 45° to the slab free edge. The concrete damage plasticity (CDP) and truss elements in Abaqus were utilized to model and analyse the behaviour of concrete and reinforcement bars, respectively. The modelling techniques were first validated using an experimental result available in the literature. There are five parameters in the CDP model need to be validated to get convergent results with the experimental data. Using the CDP validated parameters, then seven specimen models were analysed under combined shear force and an unbalanced moment in three directions. The ratio of M/V was kept constant of 0.3. The results show that the punching failure capacity of connections having an unbalanced moment inclined 45° is smaller than that of an unbalanced moment perpendicular to the slab free edge, but higher than that of an unbalanced moment parallel to the slab free edge. The patterns of concrete strain are consistent with the moment directions. All tension rebars passing through column sections yield at the connection failures.

Research on Dropwise Condensation for Binary Mixed Vapor

2012 ◽  
Vol 190-191 ◽  
pp. 1355-1360
Author(s):  
Shen Hua Hu ◽  
Xiang Rong Ma ◽  
Fan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Vertical Surface ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Vapor Velocity ◽  
Good Agreement

An experiment for Marangoni condensation of ethanol-water mixtures was carried out and the departing radius and drop size distribution on vertical surface was presented. An amended formula was obtained after considering the effect of ethanol mass concentration, vapor velocity and condensing temperature difference based on Le Fevre’s formula concerning departing radius of pure water, The calculations were in good agreement with experimental result, had a maximum error less than 23%. Owing to the significant effect on drop size contribution, vapor velocity was introduced into Rose’s formula, and the correctional result compared well with the experimental data.

A theoretical model to study melting of metals under pressure

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (27) ◽  
pp. 1550161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Kholiya ◽  
Jeewan Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Present Model ◽  
Melting Curve ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Thermal Equation ◽  
Simple Theoretical Model ◽  
Pressure Melting ◽  
Good Agreement

On the basis of the thermal equation-of-state a simple theoretical model is developed to study the pressure dependence of melting temperature. The model is then applied to compute the high pressure melting curve of 10 metals (Cu, Mg, Pb, Al, In, Cd, Zn, Au, Ag and Mn). It is found that the melting temperature is not linear with pressure and the slope [Formula: see text] of the melting curve decreases continuously with the increase in pressure. The results obtained with the present model are also compared with the previous theoretical and experimental data. A good agreement between theoretical and experimental result supports the validity of the present model.

scholarly journals Development of New Efficient Adsorbent by Functionalization of Mg3Al-LDH with Methyl Trialkyl Ammonium Chloride Ionic Liquid

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7384
Author(s):  
Samuel Nick Țolea ◽  
Laura Cocheci ◽  
Lavinia Lupa ◽  
Raluca Vodă ◽  
Rodica Pode
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Layered Double Hydroxides ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Solid Supports ◽  
Double Hydroxides ◽  
Efficient Adsorbent

The present paper describes a new way of obtaining an efficient adsorbent material by functionalization of Mg3Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) with methyl trialkyl ammonium chloride-ionic liquid (IL) using two methods: ultrasound and cosynthesis. Layered double hydroxides are good solid support for the functionalization with ionic liquids due to their well-ordered structure. The immobilization of the ILs in suitable solid supports combine the advantages of the ILs with the properties of the solid supports bringing more benefits such as use of lower quantity of ILs and avoiding of ILs loss in the aqua phase which overall decrease the treatment costs. In case of ultrasound method of functionalization is assured a uniform distribution of IL on the solid surface, but through immobilization by cosynthesis due to the tunable properties of LDH, is assured an intercalation of the ILs between the LDH layers. This fact was highlighted by the X-ray diffraction (RXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the obtained adsorbent. The added value brought by the functionalization of Mg3Al with the studied IL was underlined by the adsorption studies conducted in the treatment process of water with diclofenac content. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and equilibrium studies were performed. DCF adsorption onto the studied materials correspond to a chemisorption, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model describing the most accurately the experimental data. DCF adsorption onto the studied materials occurs as a heterogeneous process, with the experimental data fitting best with the SIPS isotherm. The sample obtained through cosynthesis developed a maximum adsorption capacity of 648 mg/g.

Integrating Model Validation and Uncertainty Analysis Into an Undergraduate Engineering Laboratory

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Steele ◽  
J. A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Engineering Calculation ◽  
Methods Course ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Undergraduate Engineering ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Undergraduate Engineering Education

In undergraduate engineering education, a commonly used teaching method for an experimental methods course would be to compare an engineering calculation with an experimental result. A fundamental question for the students is “Do the theoretical model predictions and the experimental data agree?” Sometimes uncertainty is assigned to the experimental data, but to answer the comparison question with validity, the uncertainty of the theoretical calculations must also be considered. In this paper, the concept and methodology of using experimental data and uncertainty analysis for the validation of theoretical predictions is described in the context of the application to an undergraduate engineering laboratory course at Mississippi State University (MSU).

SAR Image Recognition Combined Bidirectional 2DPCA with PCA

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 4041-4044 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Gong Wang ◽  
Zuo Long Yang ◽  
Shuo Chang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Image Recognition ◽  
Recognition Rate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Column Vector ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Sar Image

The method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) needs to convert image matrix to high-dimensional column vector used in feature extraction. The 2-dimensional PCA (2DPCA) offsets disadvantages of PCA. However, 2DPCA compresses image along the rows or columns only, the number of features is still large. In order to solve the above problems, bidirectional 2DPCA was used to compress image matrix along row and column meanwhile, then use PCA reduce the number of computations and feature dimensions. Three kinds of ground static military targets images acquired by SAR were used as the experimental data. The experimental result shows that, the method of SAR image recognition presented by this paper reduced the dimensions of feature matrix and raised the recognition rate.

The Influence of pH on the Formation and Stability of Thaumasite

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hui Yang ◽  
Ben Wan Liu ◽  
Xiao Bin Xiang ◽  
Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Influence Of Ph

The samples were prepared to study the influence of pH on the formation and stability of thaumasite using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction to analyze the composition of the samples. The erosion solutions with the pH arranged from 9.5 to 13.5 prepared by sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and 5% sodium sulfate. The experimental data for three years has been given in the paper. The result of the research indicates that the value of pH at 10.5 is the optimum pH for the forming of thaumasite and when the pH comes up to 11.5, thaumastie can form but it will decompose in the solution.

Sound absorption characterization of aluminum foam made by press infiltration casting

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.X. Sun ◽  
C.Y. Duan ◽  
P.S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Sound Wave ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Aluminum Foam ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
Good Agreement

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sound absorption by modeling for the aluminum foam produced by press infiltration casting. Design/methodology/approach First use Johnson-Allard-Champoux (JAC) model to calculate the sound absorption coefficient of the present aluminum foam, and then improve it after finding its deviation from the experimental data, so as to get an improved model that could have a good agreement with the experimental result. Findings Using JAC model to calculate the sound absorption coefficient of the present aluminum foam, it is found that the model may have a good agreement with the experimental data only for the sound wave frequency below the absorption peak frequency, but a large deviation from the experimental result for the sound wave frequency above this frequency. Originality/value Improving JAC model by means of two factors, i.e., the absorption peak frequency and the specific surface area, the resultant improved model could be in good agreement with the experimental data.

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