scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CONDITION FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ALKYL MONOETHANOLAMIDE FROM PALM KERNEL OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilyati Hilyati ◽  
Wuryaningsih Wuryaningsih ◽  
M. Nasir ◽  
Tasrif Tasrif ◽  
T. Beuna
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Amidation Reaction ◽  
Ester Product

Synthesis of alkyl monoethanolamide from palm kernel oil was done by two steps reaction that are esterification and amidation. The esterification, that is the reaction between palm kernel oil and methanol with mole ratio of 1:3 using acid catalyst (H2SO4) 4 % at temperature 60 OC for two hours, results in methyl ester palm kernel oil. The methyl ester product was produced by amidation reaction on any variation of time, temperature, catalyst, catalyst concentration and ratio of the reactan. The best result of the synthesis (amide conversion of 98.15 %) was obtained at temperature of 160 OC for 6 hours with mole ratio of methyl ester palm kernel oil to ethanol amine (ratio of the reactan) 1:1 using KOH catalyst 0.5 % and H2SO4 catalyst 0.5 %.   Keywords: alkyl mono ethanol amide, surfactant, palm kernel oil, esterification, methyl ester, emulsifier

scholarly journals Trans-Esterification Optimization Process for Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
T.O. Rabiu ◽  
N.A. Folami ◽  
N.A. Badiru ◽  
N.A. Kinghsley ◽  
B.T. Dare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Optimization Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

The ever-growing concern for the safety of lives and the environment as well as the depletion in fossil fuels reserves across the globe has led to the keen interests of many researchers in the field of renewable energy. This study was therefore undertaken to investigate the trans-esterification optimization process for biodiesel production from palm kernel using response surface methodology. The materials for the trans-esterification processes were palm kernel oil, Methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effects of reaction temperature (oC), catalyst concentration (wt%) and reaction time (min) on the yield were evaluated. The properties of the biodiesel produced showed that it met the ASTM standard for biodiesel. A quadratic polynomial model, Yield (%) = 78.60–3.12A–.62B + 0.00C -0.75AB – 3.50AC + 1.50BC + 2.82A2– 0.18B2 + 1.08C2, was developed that can be used to predict yield of biodiesel at any value of the different parameters investigated. The ANOVA for the model of the biodiesel yield obtained indicates that the models fit well in describing the relationship between the predictor (biodiesel yield) and the factors (methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time). The optimal trans-esterification conditions were found to be 60°C for temperature, 60minutes for reaction time, 0.878w% of oil as Sodium hydroxide (catalyst) concentration and methanol/oil ratio of 1:6. At these optimal conditions, the biodiesel yield was fond to be 89.32% The generated biodiesel had high cetane number, better engine ignitability and poses lesser pollution problems than petroleum diesel.

scholarly journals Impact of FeO3 on the AC breakdown voltage and acidity index of a palm kernel oil methyl ester based nanofluid

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 275-280
Author(s):  
Jean-Bernard Asse ◽  
G. Mengata Mengounou ◽  
Adolphe Moukengue Imano
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Breakdown Voltage ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Acidity Index

scholarly journals Eucalyptus-Palm Kernel Oil Blends: A Complete Elimination of Diesel in a 4-Stroke VCR Diesel Engine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Kommana ◽  
Balu Naik Banoth ◽  
Kalyani Radha Kadavakollu
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Compression Ratio ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Eucalyptus Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil

Fuels derived from biomass are mostly preferred as alternative fuels for IC engines as they are abundantly available and renewable in nature. The objective of the study is to identify the parameters that influence gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency and how they are affected by the use of biodiesel relative to petroleum diesel. Important physicochemical properties of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus blend were experimentally evaluated and found within acceptable limits of relevant standards. As most of vegetable oils are edible, growing concern for trying nonedible and waste fats as alternative to petrodiesel has emerged. In present study diesel fuel is completely replaced by biofuels, namely, methyl ester of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil in various blends. Different blends of palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil are prepared on volume basis and used as operating fuel in single cylinder 4-stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Performance and emission characteristics of these blends are studied by varying the compression ratio. In the present experiment methyl ester extracted from palm kernel oil is considered as ignition improver and eucalyptus oil is considered as the fuel. The blends taken are PKE05 (palm kernel oil 95 + eucalyptus 05), PKE10 (palm kernel oil 90 + eucalyptus 10), and PKE15 (palm kernel 85 + eucalyptus 15). The results obtained by operating with these fuels are compared with results of pure diesel; finally the most preferable combination and the preferred compression ratio are identified.

The determination of palm kernel oil and butter fat in margarine

The Analyst ◽  
1926 ◽  
Vol 51 (599) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
G. D. Elsdon ◽  
Percy Smith
Keyword(s):  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Oil ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Butter Fat
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