scholarly journals INTERCALATION OF OLYGOMER OF HYDROXYL-CHROMIUM INTO NATURAL KAOLINITE

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Rodiansono Rodiansono ◽  
Reda Ariyantie ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Radius ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
N2 Sorption

Preparation of a kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite and characterization of its physico-chemical properties were conducted. The olygomer hydroxyl-chromium was prepared by adding Na2CO3 to 0.1 M chromium nitrate solution (ratio OH/Cr = 2) and then dried at 110 oC and 400 oC for 4 h. Characterization of kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite includes determination of acidity, functional groups, basal spacing, and surface area (BET-N2 sorption analyzer). The result showed that intercalation of hydroxyl chromium resulted in the decreasing of basal spacing but increased the specific surface area of kaolin. Drying of the intercalated kaolin at 400 oC decreased surface area, total volume pore and pore radius. FT-IR spectra showed that hydroxyl-chromium detected at wavelength of 2925 and 2855 cm-1.   Keywords: natural kaolin, intercalation, olygomer hydroxyl-chromium, kaolin-hydroxyl chromium composite

scholarly journals HUMIC ACID CRACKING BY ACTIVATED CLAY CATALYSTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS PRODUCTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Rina Twinasty ◽  
Taufiqur Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Humic Acids ◽  
Pore Radius ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Liquid Smoke

Humic acid is a compound of colloidal,amorphous, and complex aromatic polymerwith functional groups of -COOH (carboxyl), -OH (phenol), and C = O (carbonyl). The presence of these functional groups provides a rationale for assuming that humic acids have a potential to produce phenolic, carboxylic and carbonylic compounds through cracking process. In this study the cracking was done by isolating humic acids from peat soil, and facilitated by a clay catalyst which had been activated. Humic acids were isolated by extracting the acids from the peat with NaOH and HCl. The characterization of humic acids included the determination of the ash content by gravimetric method and the analysis of the functional groups of humic acids by Infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The clay to be activated was shaped into two forms, pellets and 20-40 mesh granules. The clay was activated by immersing it in HCl and NH4NO3, and then calcined. The characterization of catalysts included the determination of acidity and the Si/Al ratio gravimetrically, as well as the analysis of the pore volume, maximum pore radius, surface area and average pore radius by Surface Area Analyzer NOVA-1000. Humic acid cracking was performed by a fixed-bed reactor system at a temperature of 400°C. The Liquid smoke, the product of cracking, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS to determine the number of compounds and major compounds contained in the liquid smoke. The results show that the isolated humic acid had ash content of 9.10%. Activated clay had acidity and Si/Al ratio higher than the clay before actifated. Based on the analyses of GC and GC-MS it can be found out that the major compounds contained in liquid smoke, the product of humic acid cracking with 20-40 mesh catalyst at a temperature of 400°C were phenolic compounds (74.56%), and no carboxylic and carbonylic compounds as the major compounds. The activated clay can be used as the catalyst for humic acid cracking.

scholarly journals Azo-hydrazone tautomerism of aryl azo pyridone dyes

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Mirkovic ◽  
Gordana Uscumlic ◽  
Aleksandar Marinkovic ◽  
Dusan Mijin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Disperse Dyes ◽  
Ortho Position ◽  
Visible Absorption ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Azo Group ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Hydrazone Form

In the last three or four decades disperse dyes derived from pyridones (in particular azo pyridone dyes) have gained in importance, and are widely used in various fields. These compounds have excellent coloration properties, and are suitable for the dyeing of polyester fabrics. Basic features of these dyes are simplicity of their synthesis by diazotation and azo coupling. They generally have high molar extinction coefficient with medium to high light and wet fastness. The absorption maxima of these dyes show their visible absorption wavelength ranging from yellow to orange, which can be attributed to poorly delocalized electrons in the pyridone ring. However, there are several dyes with deep colors such as red or violet. Pyridone dyes with alkyl and aryl groups in ortho position to azo group show 2-pyridone/2-hydroxypyridine tautomerism, while those containing OH and NHR groups conjugated with the azo group show azo-hydrazone tautomerism. Determining azo-hydrazone tautomerism could be therefore interesting, since the tautomers have different physico-chemical properties and most importantly different coloration. The literature on azo-hydrazone tautomerism, determination of equilibrium position, and investigation of substituent and solvent influence on tautomerism has been summarized in the presented review. The general conclusion is that the equilibrium between two tautomers is influenced by the structure of the compounds and by the solvents used. The tautomeric behavior patterns of the arylazo pyridone dyes in the reviewed literature has been studied using various instrumental techniques, including FT-IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopy. The quantum chemical calculations related to the azo-hydrazon tautomerism have also been included. A large number of pyridone dyes exist in hydrazone form in solid state, while in solvents there is a mixture of tautomers. In addition, the X-ray single-crystal diffraction data analysis of some commercial pyridone dyes has been discussed concluding that they all crystallize in the hydrazone form.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Nano ZrO2-Pillared Bentonite with Nickel as Supporting Metal

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Mohamad Mirzan ◽  
Akhmad Syoufian ◽  
Karna Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Nickel Metal ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Pillaring Solution

Bentonite was modified through intercalation and calcination using a ZrOCl2 pillaring solution. To create nano Ni/ZrO2-bentonite catalyst, ZrO2 pillared bentonite was impregnated using Ni(NO3)2•6H2O precursor first, then followed by calcination and reduction. The physical-chemical properties of the catalyst was characterized by XRD (X-ray Diffractometer), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared), surface acidity with NH3 vapor adsorption method, SAA (Surface Area Analyzer) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The results of characterization with XRD showed specific peaks for montmorillonite minerals with a monoclinic crystalline type and its chemical composition (Ca)(Al,Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6.nH2O and after pillarization showed a shift in basal spacing d001 to the left (angle 2θ <5°). The typical peak indicating basal spacing d001 shift towards a smaller angle of 2θ was not very apparent after impregnation with nickel metal. Qualitative determination of acidity after adsorption of ammonia showed characteristics at 1404-1635 cm-1 wavenumbers with increasingly sharp spectra indicating increased acidity of the catalyst (Brǿnsted and Lewis acids). Surface area showed a significant increase from 27.385 m2/g to 174.208 m2/g after pillarization and impregnation of nickel metal.

Physico-Chemical and Morphological Changes of Sayong Kaolinite Clay Treated with Sulphuric Acid for Enzyme Immobilization

2013 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 589-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Edama ◽  
A. Sulaiman ◽  
K.H. Ku Hamid ◽  
M.N. Muhd Rodhi ◽  
Mohibah Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Oxides ◽  
Physico Chemical

This study analyzed the effects of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) treatment on pysico-chemical properties and morphological changes of clay obtained from Sg. Sayong, Perak. The clay was ground and sieved to <150μm and treated with different concentrations of H2SO4. The treatment was completed by refluxing the clay with different concentration of H2SO4 (1M, 5M and 10M ) at 100 °C for 4 hours and followed by calcination at 500 °C for 1 hour. The physic-chemical properties and morphological changes of the untreated and treated clay were compared using Surface Area Analyser, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph (FESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that acid treatment of 5M increased the surface area from 25 m2/g to 75 m2/g and the pore volume increased from 0.1518 cc/g to 0.3546 cc/g. The nanopore size of the clay decreased from 24.8 nm to 19.4 nm after treated with acid. This can be explained due to the elimination of the exchangeable cations and generation of microporosity. The results of XRF showed SiO2 increased from 58.34% to 74.52% and Al2O3 reduced from 34.6% to 18.31%. The mineral oxides such as Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, K2O and TiO2 also reduced. This concluded that H2SO4 treatment has led to significant removal of octahedral Al3+, Fe3+ cations and other impurities. In conclusion, this study showed the physico-chemical properties and morphology of Sayong clay were improved once treated with H2SO4 and therefore suggests better supporting material for enzyme immobilization.

Topological characterization of dendrimer, benzenoid, and nanocone

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Wei Gao ◽  
Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui ◽  
Najma Abdul Rehman ◽  
Mehwish Hussain Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Topological Indices ◽  
Zagreb Index ◽  
Topological Characterization ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships

Abstract Dendrimers are large and complex molecules with very well defined chemical structures. More importantly, dendrimers are highly branched organic macromolecules with successive layers or generations of branch units surrounding a central core. Topological indices are numbers associated with molecular graphs for the purpose of allowing quantitative structure-activity relationships. These topological indices correlate certain physico-chemical properties such as the boiling point, stability, strain energy, and others, of chemical compounds. In this article, we determine hyper-Zagreb index, first multiple Zagreb index, second multiple Zagreb index, and Zagreb polynomials for hetrofunctional dendrimers, triangular benzenoids, and nanocones.

Characterization of Catalytic Supports by Infrared Spectroscopy and ESCA

1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry F. Wieserman ◽  
David M. Hercules
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Silica Alumina ◽  
Free Hydroxyl ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Catalytic Supports ◽  
Silica And Titania

This study compares the properties of γ-alumina, silica, and titania using ESCA and in situ FT-IR. The FWHM's of the O1s and metal 2p ESCA peaks increased systematically from titania to γ alumina; the O1s/metal 2p ESCA peak area ratios were nearly equal for γ-alumina and silica. For titania, however, the value was half that obtained for γ-alumina. In situ FT-IR showed hydroxyl bands with increasing frequencies from titania to silica. Alumina and titania form carbonate-type structures after exposure to CO at elevated temperatures. Silica exhibited no additional bands after CO treatment that could be assigned to physically adsorbed CO or carbonate-type structures. At 100°C, there is a direct correlation between the specific surface area and the intensity of infrared absorbance of the free-hydroxyl and the hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl bands for silica. The intensities of the infrared bands due to matrix modes were not affected by surface area.

Determination of physico chemical properties of biodiesel from Citrullus lanatus seeds oil and diesel blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 702-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sani ◽  
M.U. Kaisan ◽  
D.M. Kulla ◽  
A.I. Obi ◽  
A. Jibrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical

scholarly journals Investigations of Latvian Illite/Kaolinite Clays Irradiated Under Action of Accelerated Electrons

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
Dāvis CONKA ◽  
Līga AVOTINA ◽  
Ruta SVINKA ◽  
Visvaldis SVINKA ◽  
Laris BAUMANE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Free Fraction ◽  
Natural Clay ◽  
Ir Spectrometry ◽  
Accelerated Electrons ◽  
Ft Ir

Natural clay is a perspective material for application as sorbents for wastewater treatment as well as for sorption of radionuclides, where the properties of the clays can be changed under influence of ionizing radiation. For application of Latvian illite/kaolinite clays for isotope sorption it is important to characterize the physic-chemical properties of pre-prepared air dried clays. Two fractions of the illite clays were selected. A fraction with grain size 100 μm (SiO2 content 60.9 ± 1.5 wt.%, specific surface area 35 m2/g) and a sand free fraction – 2 μm (SiO2 47.7 ± 1.9 wt.%, specific surface area 38 m2/g). Selected fractions were irradiated with accelerated electrons (5 MeV, ELU-4, Salaspils, absorbed dose up to 500 kGy). Non-irradiated and irradiated clays were analysed with means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry.  

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