scholarly journals Trayectorias, identidades laborales y sujetos femeninos en la maquila de confección. Costa Rica, 1980-2002

Revista Trace ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Rocío Guadarrama Olivera
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Reproductive Factors ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Marché Du Travail ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Division Du Travail ◽  
And Gender

En este artículo se analizan las trayectorias laborales de mujeres que ingresaron a trabajar en la maquila de confección de ropa en Costa Rica, entre 1972 y 1996. A partir de estas trayectorias se busca conocer los cambios profundos en sus modos de vida y las formas de interpretación de su existencia, que se produjeron en el contexto de la incorporación de nuevas formas de división del trabajo y de globalización de la producción en el último tercio del siglo pasado. Con este propósito distinguimos entre trayectorias continuas e intermitentes, y damos cuenta de tres formas de experiencia en el mercado de trabajo, caracterizadas por factores reproductivos, de estrategia de mercado y de logro personal, que eventualmente permiten la constitución de identidades laborales y de género.Abstract: This article analyzes work trajectories of women whose job involved the global industry of clothes, known as maquila, manufacturing in Costa Rica between 1972 and 1996. Starting from these trajectories we are looking for knowing the deep changes in their lifestyles and own existence interpretation ways, produced in the context of the incorporation of new forms of division of production labour and globalisation in the last third of last century. To achieve this goal we make the distinction between continuous and intermittent trajectories, and give an account of three forms of job market experiences, characterized by reproductive factors, market strategy and personal realization, which allow eventually the constitution of work and gender identities.Résumé : Dans cet article on analyse les trajectoires de travail de femmes qui ont commencé à travailler dans l’industrie globale de confection de vêtement au Costa Rica, appelée maquila, entre 1972 et 1996. À partir de ces trajectoires on cherche à connaître les changements profonds dans leurs modes de vie et les formes d’interprétation de leur existence qui ont été produites dans le contexte de l’incorporation de nouvelles formes de division du travail et de globalisation de la production, dans le dernier tiers du siècle passé. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous faisons la distinction entre des trajectoires continues et intermittentes, et rendons compte de trois formes d’expérience sur le marché du travail, caractérisées par des facteurs reproducteurs, des stratégies de marché et de réalisation personnelle, qui permettent éventuellement la constitution d’identités de travail et de genre.

Studying gender in the neoliberal, postfeminist university: Australian university students’ perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 144078332091146
Author(s):  
Heidi La Paglia ◽  
Meredith Nash ◽  
Ruby Grant
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Job Outcomes ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Women's And Gender Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

In a neoliberal environment where university students are encouraged to study subjects and courses which will lead to specific job outcomes, this article explores which students undertake Women’s and Gender Studies (WGS), why they undertake the degree, and what it teaches them. Drawing on interviews with students at a regional Australian university, this qualitative study examines the extent to which the university’s Gender Studies cohort is postfeminist, and the impact that this has on retention and student outcomes. Findings suggest that WGS holds an ambivalent position within the contemporary university context. While students claim that studying WGS may not directly benefit them in the contemporary job market, they choose to study it because it gives them a better understanding of themselves and the world around them. The value students place on WGS is an insight rarely recognised previously.

New Technologies, New Work

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Job Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vital Component ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
And Gender

This chapter argues that towards the end of the nineteenth century in Spanish America the acceleration of technological innovation and the development of a middle class created new opportunities for middle-class women to enter the labor market. Although women increasingly worked outside the home, writers typically sent the message that women’s work is not valuable or important, that women should avoid work, especially paid work, as much as possible, and that men should help them stay out of the labor force and the capitalist job market. This chapter reads these statements as contesting certain discourses of modernity from the metropolis that privileged women’s entry into the public sphere via paid employment as a vital component of the modernizing project and as taking advantage of modernity’s newfound emphasis on domesticity. Technologies of transportation (trains) and communication (telephones) in Matto de Turner’s Aves sin nido, Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera’s La novela del tranvía, the Chilean journals Zig-Zagand Familia, and the Guatemalan La Ilustración Guatemalteca. Depictions of work, consumer culture, and gender in Gorriti’s La oasis en la vida, César Duáyen’s Mecha Iturbe and Federico Gamboa’s Santa are also analysed.

Gender, Sexuality, and Identity in 20th-Century Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Alvarenga
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Patriarchal Power ◽  
Male Authority ◽  
Feminist Movements

Proposals challenging male authority gained strength in Costa Rica during the 20th century and, especially at the turn of the 21st century, and questioned naturalized sexual and gender identities. The effects of these discursivities are varied. The experience of feminists, of middle-class women outside these discursivities, and of women of the subaltern classes demonstrate the plurality of meanings attributed to gender relations as filtered through subjective experience. The introduction of alternative identity proposals destabilizes the established parameters of sexual and gender identities, but, at the same time, produces new conservative discursivities that limit the potential for change. Two feminist movements, one that reached its peak in the 1920s and a second that arose in the final decades of the 20th century, brought about substantive changes in female identities, revealing the power relations that underlie the discursive representation of patriarchal power as eternal and immutable. An assessment of contemporary feminism based on the experiences of its protagonists shows the movement’s significant gains as well as the challenges and weaknesses it has faced over its history, the most important of which may be how to reach beyond the sphere of well-educated, heterosexual, middle-class women. In conclusion, public discourses that have politicized gender and sexuality in Costa Rica are creatively constituted in the social world, according to what changes appear attainable at different moments of history. Carved out by actors committed to change, these discourses have achieved substantive transformations in institutional structures and subjectivities. However, present experience shows clearly that every affirmation of identity is precarious, and that the gains achieved require the ongoing, active engagement of civil society.

Retail therapy: Making meaning out of menial labour

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-462
Author(s):  
Genevieve Johnston ◽  
Matthew D. Sanscartier ◽  
Matthew S. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Racial Bias ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Making Meaning ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Online Spaces ◽  
Student Employees ◽  
And Gender

Retail work has a prominent place in the Canadian job market in an era of global capitalism and consumption. Despite spanning an astonishing array of industries, this work is most often low-paying, low-status and un-unionized, leaving workers vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination from their employers. This qualitative content analysis of 1454 anonymous reviews of 25 Canadian retail employers posted on RateMyEmployer.ca explores how intersections of class, race and gender shape how workers make sense of difficult work experiences and their relative social privilege. We draw on Hewitt and Hall’s concept of quasi-theorization to frame how everyday experiences of work justify foregone conclusions that allow reviewers to reassert status. Set against highly gendered, raced and classed expectations of the helpful, deferential, hardworking and cheerful retail worker, these quasi-theories demonstrate that ethnic and racial bias, reactive masculinities and battles between working-class supervisors and middle-class student employees lead to unresolved friction that erupts in anonymous, online spaces.

scholarly journals Institutional Characteristics and Gender Choice in IT

2011 ◽  
pp. 813-819
Author(s):  
Mary Malliaris ◽  
Linda Salchenberger
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Undergraduate Enrollment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Information Technology Professions

While the issue of attracting women to information technology professions has been studied extensively since the 1970s, the gender gap in IT continues to be a significant social and economic problem (Thom, 2001). Numerous research studies have been conducted to understand the reasons for the gender gap in IT (Gurer & Camp, 2002; Sheard, Lowe, Nicholson, & Ceddia, 2003; von Hellens, Nielsen, & Beekhuyzen, 2004). Universities and colleges have developed a variety of programmatic efforts to apply gender gap research results, implementing strategies that increase female undergraduate enrollment in computer science programs (Wardle & Burton, 2002). Yet, individual successes have not translated into any significant change in the overall percentages of women choosing IT. An analysis of current choices of women in their selection of four-year undergraduate institutions reveals yet another alarming trend—young women are not choosing to study IT at the traditional academic four year institutions that would best prepare them for the IT professional careers of the future. To complicate matters, the information technology job market is changing rapidly. For example, some well-documented IT trends that are causing such shifts are outsourcing, the commoditization of IT, the effect of the dot com bust on the job market, and most importantly, the integration of IT into the fundamental economic, social and cultural fabric of our society. IT now permeates every aspect of professional work, even the traditional female-oriented occupations such as nursing and teaching. This integration of IT into the professions must guide the development of a new set of strategies to insure that women have equal opportunities and access to the benefits of an education that prepares them for professional careers. It is in the best interest of the IT profession and our society in general to help young women make choices that include the pursuit of information technology.

Écrire l’histoire du travail aujourd’hui: Le cas de l’Empire romain (note critique)

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
Christel Freu
Keyword(s):  
Marché Du Travail ◽  
Division Du Travail ◽  
Économie De Marché

RésumésTrois livres récents questionnent la manière d’aborder le travail sous l’Empire romain et d’en écrire l’histoire : les sources que privilégient les historiens, l’échelle d’observation à laquelle ils se situent et les présupposés théoriques qui les guident. Ces réflexions montrent qu’il existe bien des manières d’écrire l’histoire du travail, un domaine désormais éclaté en multiples sous-champs qui ne dialoguent pas forcément entre eux. Grâce à la relecture de sources traditionnelles, littéraires et épigraphiques, ainsi qu’à l’apport décisif de l’archéologie et des papyrus, l’histoire traditionnelle du travail et des métiers s’est considérablement renouvelée. On s’interroge maintenant sur les causes de la spécialisation poussée des métiers à Rome et sur l’existence d’une véritable division du travail. Par ailleurs, la recherche archéologique aide à améliorer la compréhension des techniques et des processus productifs, et, par là, à dresser une typologie des identités socio-professionnelles des patrons et de leurs employés dans les boutiques et les ateliers romains. Dans une tout autre direction, le travail est considéré, d’un point de vue macro-économique, comme une force à mobiliser par l’entrepreneur : les questions sur la productivité comparée des esclaves et de la main-d’œuvre libre ont été remplacées par celles sur les coûts de transaction du travail salarié et du travail dépendant. Le débat demeure vif entre les historiens qui estiment que le marché du travail n’est pas développé, du fait du poids toujours important des réseaux clientélaires et du travail dépendant, et ceux qui décrivent une économie de marché libre, où le travail est devenu une marchandise.

scholarly journals Weight-Based Discrimination in the Italian Labor Market: an Analysis of the Interaction with Gender and Ethnicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Busetta ◽  
Maria Gabriella Campolo ◽  
Demetrio Panarello
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Job Offers ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Access to the Italian job market is undermined by several kinds of discrimination influencing the opportunities for individuals to obtain a job. In this study, we analyze together the impact of three of the most relevant kinds of discrimination operating in the Italian labor market: gender, race, and weight. Our aim is to assess whether gender and race either increase or decrease the impact of weight-based discrimination. In this respect, we submit a set of fictitious résumés including photos of either obese or thin applicants in response to real online job offers. Our results indicate that the strongest kind of discrimination operating in the Italian labor market is the one connected to the candidate’s geographical origin. Moreover, we find discrimination based on body weight to be more relevant within immigrants than within natives, and gender gap appears to be higher within the obese candidates’ group compared to the normal-weight candidates’ one. This last result is particularly relevant, as the growing rates of obesity forecasted for the next years could in turn produce an increase in the gender gap, which in Italy is already massive.

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