Spatiotemporal distribution of HIV self-test kits purchased online and implications for HIV prevention: analysis of transaction data from a leading e-commerce platform in China (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganfeng Luo ◽  
Lingyun Su ◽  
Anping Feng ◽  
Yi-Fan Lin ◽  
Yiguo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Transaction Data ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Hiv Surveillance

BACKGROUND HIV self-testing (HIVST) holds great promise for expanding HIV testing. Yet, large scale data on HIVST behavior is scant. Millions of HIVST kits were sold through e-commerce platforms each year. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze spatiotemporal distribution of the HIVST kit purchasing population (HIVSTKPP) in China. METHODS Deidentified transaction data were retrieved from a leading e-commerce platform in China. Bayesian spatiotemporal analysis was performed to locate hot spots with HIVSTKPP rates. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time cluster analysis were conducted to identify clusters of HIVSTKPP RESULTS Between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2019, a total of 2.18 million anonyms in China placed 4.15 million orders and purchased 4.51 million HIVST kits online. In each year, the observed monthly HIVSTKPP peaked in December, the month of the World AIDS Day. HIVSTKPP rates per 100,000 population significantly increased from 20.62 in 2016 to 64.82 in 2019. Hot spots were mainly located in municipalities, provincial capitals, and large cities, while high-high clusters and high-demand clusters were predominantly detected in cities along the southeast coast. We found positive correlations between a region’s number of HIV testing facilities, urbanization ratio, and GDP per capita and the HIVSTKPP. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified key areas in larger demands for HIVST for public health policymakers to re-allocate resources and optimize the HIV care continuum. Further research combining spatiotemporal patterns of HIVST with HIV surveillance data is urgently needed to identify potential gaps in current HIV-monitoring practices.

The Long-Term and System-Level Impacts of Institutionalizing Hot Spot Policing in a Small City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Koper ◽  
Cynthia Lum ◽  
Xiaoyun Wu ◽  
Tim Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
System Level ◽  
Small City ◽  
Police Agency ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that hot spot policing (HSP) is effective in reducing crime in small high-risk locations. However, questions remain about the efficacy of HSP outside large cities, its long-term sustainability and effects, and its ability to produce aggregate reductions in crime across large areas. This study highlights a small city police agency that has sustained a systematic, citywide HSP patrol strategy since 2013. A quasi-experimental assessment using nearly 7 years of follow-up data shows the programme reduced crime in targeted hot spots without displacement. Citywide, citizen calls about crime and disorder fell by 14%, with reductions ranging from 12% for disorder calls to 41% for violence calls. This study shows the value of HSP in smaller jurisdictions and supports the theory that HSP can produce large-scale, long-term reductions in crime and disorder when practiced in a manner that has sufficient targeting, dosage, tracking, management, and commitment from leadership.

scholarly journals Implementation of HIV Self-Testing to Reach Men in Rural uMkhanyakude, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. a DO-ART Trial Sub Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nsika Sithole ◽  
Maryam Shahmanesh ◽  
Olivier Koole ◽  
Meighan Krows ◽  
Torin Schaafsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Self Testing ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Study Team

Background: KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates globally. Persons <35 years and men have lower rates of HIV testing. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may overcome many barriers of facility-based HIV testing in order to identify HIV positive young persons and men and link them to care. We investigated whether HIVST distribution was a feasible approach to reach men and assessed the proportion of participants who reported their HIVST results, tested positive and linked to care.Methods: Teams comprised of a nurse, clinic research assistant, and recruiters distributed HIVST kits in rural uMkhanyakude, KwaZulu-Natal from August—November 2018 with a focus on testing men. Workplaces (farms), social venues, taxi ranks, and homesteads were used as HIVST kit distribution points following community sensitisation through community advisory boards and community leaders. HIVST kits, demonstration of use, and small incentives to report testing outcomes were provided. The Department of Health provided confirmatory testing and HIV care at clinics.Results: Over 11 weeks in late 2018, we distributed 2,634 HIVST kits of which 2,113 (80%) were distributed to persons aged <35 years, 2,591 (98%) to men and 356 (14%) to first time testers. Of the HIVST distributed, 2,107 (80%) reported their results to the study team, and 157 (7%) tested positive. Of persons who tested positive, 107/130 (82%) reported having a confirmatory test of which 102/107 (95%) were positive and initiated on ART. No emergencies or social harms were reported.Conclusion: Large scale distribution of HIVST kits targeting men in rural KwaZulu-Natal is feasible and highly effective in reaching men, including those who had not previously tested for HIV. While two-thirds of persons who tested HIV positive initiated ART, additional linkage strategies are needed for those who do not link after HIVST. HIVST should be used as a tool to reach men in order to achieve 95% coverage in the UNAIDS testing and care cascade in KwaZulu-Natal.

Adaptive data reduction for large-scale transaction data

2008 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 910-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Bai Li ◽  
Varghese S. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Data Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transaction Data

scholarly journals Accessing Voluntary HIV Testing in the Construction Industry: A Qualitative Analysis of Employee Interviews from the Test@Work Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4184
Author(s):  
Sarah Somerset ◽  
Catrin Evans ◽  
Holly Blake
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Health Check ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Health Checks

HIV, globally, remains a significant public health issue and community HIV testing can help to identify those with HIV at an early stage of disease. The workplace offers a prime location for provision of opt-in HIV testing as part of wider health promotion initiatives. The construction industry offers a key opportunity for HIV testing provision in a generally male-dominated group exhibiting some risky behaviors related to HIV. The intervention was an optional one-off individual health check with tailored health advice and signposting, offered to the construction workforce in health check events delivered as part of a large-scale multi-site research program called Test@Work. The events were undertaken at 10 participating organizations (21 events across 16 different sites), none had previously offered sexual health awareness or HIV testing to their workforce. Participants were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview following general health checks which included HIV testing. Out of 426 employees attending the health check events, 338 (79.3%) consented to interview on exit. Accessing HIV testing at work was valued because it was convenient, quick, and compatible with work demands. Interviewees identified HIV risks for construction including drug use, high numbers of sexual partners and job-related exposures, e.g., to used needles. Health seeking in construction was limited by stigma and low support, with particular barriers for non-permanent workers. The organization of the construction industry is complex with multiple organizations of different sizes having responsibility for varying numbers of employees. A disparity between organizational policies and employment circumstances is evident, and this generates significant health inequalities. To combat this, we recommend that organizations in the construction sector offer their employees awareness-raising around health behaviors and health protection in packages, such as toolbox talks. We recommend these be accompanied by annual health checks, including sexual health awareness and opt-in workplace HIV testing. This approach is highly acceptable to the workforce in the industry and removes barriers to access to healthcare.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Utilizing Wind Energy for Hydrogen Production Through Electrolysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Ziazi ◽  
Kasra Mohammadi ◽  
Navid Goudarzi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
North East

Hydrogen as a clean alternative energy carrier for the future is required to be produced through environmentally friendly approaches. Use of renewables such as wind energy for hydrogen production is an appealing way to securely sustain the worldwide trade energy systems. In this approach, wind turbines provide the electricity required for the electrolysis process to split the water into hydrogen and oxygen. The generated hydrogen can then be stored and utilized later for electricity generation via either a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine that turn a generator. In this study, techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen production by electrolysis using wind power investigated in a windy location, named Binaloud, located in north-east of Iran. Development of different large scale wind turbines with different rated capacity is evaluated in all selected locations. Moreover, different capacities of electrolytic for large scale hydrogen production is evaluated. Hydrogen production through wind energy can reduce the usage of unsustainable, financially unstable, and polluting fossil fuels that are becoming a major issue in large cities of Iran.

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-531
Author(s):  
Enru Wang ◽  
Zhengyuan Zhao ◽  
Changhong Miao ◽  
Zhongcai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Japonicum ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Schistosomiasis Japonica ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Risk Areas

Based on annual parasitological data recently collected at county and village levels, this article presents a multiscale spatiotemporal analysis of transmission risk of schistosomiasis japonica in Hunan Province during 2001 to 2015 in a geographic information system environment. The study shows that the incidence and prevalence rate of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in Hunan Province decreased after 2001. A spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals the existence of spatial clusters of human Schistosoma japonicum infection and a growing tendency of spatial clustering over time. The identification of high-risk areas (hot spots) helps find areas of priority for future implementation of control strategies. The research demonstrates the importance of spatial scale in public health studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Interprofessional Problem-based Learning Module on Care of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel D'Eon ◽  
Peggy Proctor ◽  
Jane Cassidy ◽  
Nora McKee ◽  
Krista Trinder
Keyword(s):  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Interprofessional Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Interprofessional Collaboration ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) holds great promise in continuing to reform the management of complex chronic conditions such as HIV/AIDS, and Problem-based Learning (PBL) is a suitable format for IPE. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a large scale, compulsory interprofessional PBL module on HIV/AIDS education. In 2004, 30 physical therapy and 30 medical students at the University of Saskatchewan engaged in the HIV/AIDS PBL module. By 2007 over 300 students from seven healthcare programs were involved.Methods and Findings: The module was evaluated over the years using student satisfaction surveys, focus groups, self-assessments, and in 2007 with written pretest/post-tests. Students rated the learning experience about both HIV/AIDS and about interprofessional collaboration, at 4 or 5 out of 6 and effect sizes fell between d = .70 and 3.19. That only one pre-test/post-test study was conducted at a single institution is one of the limitations of this study.Conclusions: Students generally thought highly of the interprofessional PBL module on HIV/AIDS and learned a considerable amount. Although more research is needed to substantiate the self-assessment data, establish what and how much is being learned, and compare PBL to alternative methodologies, PBL is a promising approach to IPE.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Failure to Initiate HIV Care: Role of HIV Testing Site, Individual Factors, and Neighborhood Factors, Florida, 2014–2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 1153-1175
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Trepka ◽  
Diana M. Sheehan ◽  
Kristopher P. Fennie ◽  
Daniel E. Mauck ◽  
Spencer Lieb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Neighborhood Factors ◽  
Testing Site ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Integrated home-based screening for people living with disabilities: A case study from rural Malawi

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Petersen ◽  
Emily B. Wroe ◽  
Kondwani Nyangulu ◽  
Chisomo Kanyenda ◽  
Sam Njolomole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Integrated Screening

People living with disabilities (PLWDs) have poor access to health services compared to people without disabilities. As a result, PLWDs do not benefit from some of the services provided at health facilities; therefore, new methods need to be developed to deliver these services where PLWDs reside. This case study reports a household-based screening programme targeting PLWDs in a rural district in Malawi. Between March and November 2016, a household-based and integrated screening programme was conducted by community health workers, HIV testing counsellors and a clinic clerk. The programme provided integrated home-based screening for HIV, tuberculosis, hypertension and malnutrition for PLWDs. The programme was designed and implemented for a population of 37 000 people. A total of 449 PLWDs, with a median age of 26 years and about half of them women, were screened. Among the 404 PLWDs eligible for HIV testing, 399 (99%) agreed for HIV testing. Sixty-nine per cent of PLWDs tested for HIV had never previously been tested for HIV. Additionally, 14 patients self-reported to be HIV-positive and all but one were verified to be active in HIV care. A total of 192 of all eligible PLWDs above 18 years old were screened for hypertension, with 9% (n = 17) referred for further follow-up at the nearest facility. In addition, 274 and 371 PLWDs were screened for malnutrition and tuberculosis, respectively, with 6% (n = 18) of PLWDs referred for malnutrition, and 2% (n = 10) of PLWDs referred for tuberculosis testing. We successfully implemented an integrated home-based screening programme in rural Malawi.

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