scholarly journals Risk Factors for COVID-19: Community Exposure and Mask-Wearing (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eline M van den Broek-Altenburg ◽  
Adam J Atherly ◽  
Sean A Diehl ◽  
Kelsey M Gleason ◽  
Victoria C Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Community Exposure ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Percent Number

BACKGROUND Many studies have focused on characteristics of symptomatic COVID-19 patients and clinical risk factors. This study reports prevalence of COVID-19 in the general population and identifies factors that affect exposure to the virus. OBJECTIVE To measure the prevalence of COVID-19 in a hospital service area and identify factors that may increase or decrease the risk of infection and exposure. METHODS This study collected survey information relating to work and living situations, income, behavior, socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic health characteristics which was linked to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and two different serologic assays. Positivity rate was used to calculate approximate prevalence, hospitalization rate and infection fatality rate (IFR). Survey data was used to analyze risk factors, including the number of contacts reported by study participants. RESULTS We found a positivity rate of 2.2 percent, a hospitalization rate of 1.2 percent and an adjusted IFR of 0.55 percent. Number of daily contacts with adults and seniors increases the probability of becoming infected. Occupation, living in apartment versus a house, and wearing a facial mask outside work increased probability of COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS Comparing these numbers with officially reported infections leads to estimates of unreported cases. Occupational, living-situation, and behavioral data may aid in the identification of non-clinical factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection.

scholarly journals The Assessment of Early Complications and Risk Factors Affecting Their Occurrence in Breast Reconstructive Procedures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Jończyk ◽  
Jerzy Jankau
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Breast Reconstruction ◽  
Complication Rate ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Early Complications ◽  
Reconstructive Procedures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rehospitalization Rate ◽  
Early Postoperative Complications

AbstractThe presence of postoperative complications may have a significant impact on the outcome of the breast reconstruction. The aim of this study was to investigate early postoperative complications and the risk factors for their occurrence. A prospective analysis was carried out to evaluate surgical outcomes after breast reconstructive surgeries performed over a 2-year period. Procedures included expander/implant (TE/IMP), pedicle transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (pTRAM), and latissimus dorsi (LD) techniques. All adverse events which occurred within 6 weeks of surgery were ranked according to severity based on the contracted Accordion grading system. Outcomes were assessed for their association with surgical, demographic, and clinical variables. Sixty-one consecutive breast reconstruction procedures were analyzed. The overall complication rate was 60.7% (n = 37), and 8 patients (13.1%) required reoperation. The lowest complication rate was observed in implant-based reconstructions (TE/IMP, 18.8%; pTRAM, 72.7%; LD, 78.3%; p = 0.008). Mild complications occurred significantly more often after LD reconstructions (LD, 60.9%; pTRAM, 22.7%; TE/IMP, 12.5%; p = 0.031), while severe complications were significantly more frequent after the pTRAM procedures (pTRAM, 27.3%; TE/IMP, 6.2%; LD, 8.7%; p = 0.047). Severe complications were associated with higher rehospitalization rate (p = 0.010) and longer hospital stay. Study revealed a significant impact of the operative method on the incidence and severity of early complications after breast reconstruction procedures with little effect from other demographic and clinical factors.

scholarly journals COVID-19, A New Outlook on Pandemic Symptoms and Diagnostic Approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Fernanda Calderón Hernádez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Effective Diagnosis ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: The main objective of this research is to learn the symptoms that occur in this pathology, since we are currently still fighting COVID-19, because of this, it is important to keep us informed about the different diagnostic methods available, which help us reach an earlier and more effective diagnosis. Various articles have been compiled to identify as soon as possible the active cases and thus reduce the number of infections. Materials and methods: This research was conducted on the basis of scientific articles and books, related to COVID-19. Methods: This research was conducted based on 15 scientific articles and 3 books, related to COVID-19. Results: The most important risk factors are diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, age and sex. The most common symptoms in Latin America are dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, and fever. The preferred diagnostic test for COVID-19 is the polymerase chain reaction for its specificity and sensitivity Conclusions: As a conclusion, the main objective of the research was achieved, which is to inform the reader about the most relevant symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 in order to improve the identification of suspected cases. Furthermore, we compare various diagnostic methods that exist to date and determine that PCR is the most specific and sensitive.

scholarly journals Longest reported case of symptomatic COVID-19 reporting positive for over 230 days in an immunocompromised patient in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2110400
Author(s):  
Bilal Chaudhry ◽  
Lidiya Didenko ◽  
Maaria Chaudhry ◽  
Andrew Malek ◽  
Kirill Alekseyev
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Immunocompromised Patient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia was first noted in Wuhan, China. Since the start of the pandemic, there have been millions of cases diagnosed. The average time from onset of symptoms to testing negative SARS-CoV-2 via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is roughly 25 days. In patients who continually test positive for COVID-19, it is essential to determine precisely which risk factors contribute to the increase in viral shedding duration. We present a case about a 62-year-old man who has persistently tested positive for COVID-19 for more than 230 days. We followed his treatment course, in which he had been hospitalized multiple times since the onset of symptoms back in April 2020. We have determined that patients with immunosuppression, especially those taking corticosteroids, are at increased risk of prolonged viral shedding. It is essential to continually monitor these immunocompromised patients as they required a greater time period in order to have an appropriate immune response in which antibodies are created.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction-And Rna Hybridization-Based Method for the Investigation of Deep-Seated Candidiasis

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R Couroux ◽  
Zafar Hussain ◽  
Frank Rutledge ◽  
Robert Lannigan ◽  
Edward D Ralph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Hybridization Method ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA hybridization method for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis and to compare its sensitivity with blood cultures.DESIGN: Blood cultures and a blood sample for PCR were taken from patients with suspected invasive candidiasis. A 105 base pair conserved segment within the rDNA ofCandidaspecies was amplified. The amplicon was detected by hybridization and gel electrophoresis.SETTING: Intensive care units of two tertiary care hospitals.PATIENTS: One hundred and eighteen patients 16 years of age or older with four more risk factors for invasive candidiasis were enrolled. Present or recent past treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive drugs, granulocytopenia or granulocytosis, intravascular catheterization, tracheal intubation, recent abdominal surgery and parenteral nutrition were considered risk factors.RESULTS: Forty-three patients had invasive candidiasis. PCR detected infections in 28 and 26 patients (sensitivity 65.1% and 60.4%) by hybridization and gel electrophoresis, respectively. The sensitivity of blood cultures was 58.1%. Of 25 patients with positive blood cultures, 17 were positive by PCR with the hybridization method. Eleven patients with invasive candidiasis had negative blood cultures but were positive by PCR.CONCLUSION: PCR, especially with a hybridization detection method, is more sensitive than blood culture for invasive candidiasis and may facilitate the diagnosis of nonfungemic disease.

Sexually transmissible infections among female sex workers in Manado, Indonesia, using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based reverse line blot assay

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferra O. Mawu ◽  
Stephen C. Davies ◽  
Michelle McKechnie ◽  
Endang R. Sedyaningsih ◽  
Asti Widihastuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Sexually transmissible infections (STIs) remain highly prevalent, and HIV is increasing, among female sex workers (FSWs) in Indonesia. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, STIs among FSWs in Manado, Indonesia. Methods: We recruited FSWs mainly at their workplace: they completed a questionnaire and provided a urine sample and self-collected vaginal swab. Samples were tested using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, followed by reverse line blot hybridisation. Results: We recruited 221 FSWs, (median age: 25 years). During the previous 3 months, 30% reported never using condoms; only 2.7% always used condoms. Of 217 women with urine samples, 49% had a ‘curable STI’: 10.6% with gonorrhoea, 26.7% with chlamydia, 12.4% with Mycoplasma genitalium and 22.6% with trichomoniasis. Independent risk factors for gonorrhoea were: domiciled outside North Sulawesi (P = 0.001) and age 16–25 years (P = 0.02); for chlamydia: no prior history of STI symptoms (P = 0.003) and age 16–25 years (P = 0.02); for Mycoplasma genitalium: number of clients on last day of sex work (P = 0.004); for trichomoniasis: number of clients per week (P = 0.04). When these four infections were grouped as any ‘curable STI’, independent associations were: number of clients on the last day of sex work (P = 0.001), age 16–25 years (P = 0.02) and sex working for fewer than 2 years (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This is the first report of M. genitalium infection in Indonesia. The high prevalence of STIs and low condom use among these FSWs suggest their vulnerability to the HIV epidemic in Indonesia. They need enhanced interventions, including outreach screening, and periodic presumptive treatment.

scholarly journals The Demographic Risk Factors for Brucellosis in Asia

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Sumi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
One Health ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The One

Brucellosis is also known as Undulant fever, Malta fever, rock fever, intermittent fever, Gibraltar fever, contagious abortion, Maltese fever, Crimean fever, or even Mediterranean fever. Clinical manifestations commonly encountered are fever and arthralgia. It has veterinary importance making it the leading cause of abortion and infertility in animals. Countries in which mixed agriculture is still the leading occupation have reported this disease in high number. The disease is common in areas where the mixed type of farming is still practiced, it is a type of farming where owners cohabit with their animals in the shed during the nighttime. The incidence of the disease is reported more in humans who have direct contact with the animal’s abortus fetus and reproductive secretions. A favorable environment is created for transmission when the healthy and infected animals are kept together free and are difficult to segregate. Diagnosis of the disease is done by isolation of the bacteria from the sample using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The disease was claimed to be eradicated but now as the global trend of infectious diseases is constantly changing it now appears to be a re-emergent disease. The best way to prevent the spread of the infection is through the One Health approach. Although brucellosis has been widely reported in animals and humans only a few studies have addressed the true prevalence of the disease in the context of Asia which is quite a challenge. It is unable to provide the true context of the disease. The case burden is more prevalent in the developing countries where it is found to be endemic in animals as well as in humans. Thus, this paper highlights the risk factors commonly found in Asian countries that are associated with increased prevalence of infection in humans which has now been believed to be involved many generations across the globe. Countries in which mixed agriculture is still the leading occupation have reported this disease in high number. The disease is common in areas where the mixed type of farming is still practiced, it is a type of farming where owners cohabit with their animals in the shed during the nighttime. The incidence of the disease is reported more in humans who have direct contact with the animal’s abortus fetus and reproductive secretions. A favorable environment is created for transmission when the healthy and infected animals are kept together free and are difficult to segregate. Diagnosis of the disease is done by isolation of the bacteria from the sample using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The disease was claimed to be eradicated but now as the global trend of infectious diseases is constantly changing it appears to be a re-emergent disease. The best way to prevent the spread of the infection is through the One Health approach. Although brucellosis has been widely reported in animals and humans only a few studies have addressed the true prevalence of the disease in the context of Asia which is quite a challenge. It is unable to provide the true context of the disease. The case burden is more prevalent in the developing countries where it is found to be endemic in animals as well as in humans. Thus, this paper highlights the risk factors commonly found in Asian countries that are associated with increased prevalence of infection in humans which has now been believed to be involved many generations across the globe.

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