scholarly journals COVID-19: Saving lives and livelihoods using population density driven testing (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim I Budhwani ◽  
Henna Budhwani ◽  
Ben Podbielski
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

UNSTRUCTURED SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk generally increases with proximity of those shedding the virus to those susceptible to infection. Thus, this risk is a function of both number of people and the area which they occupy. However, the latter continues to evade COVID-19 testing policy. Increased testing in areas with lower population density, has the potential to induce a false sense of security even as cases continue to rise sharply overall.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Saving lives and livelihoods using population density driven testing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim I. Budhwani ◽  
Henna Budhwani ◽  
Ben Podbielski
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
False Sense ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

ABSTRACTSARS-CoV-2 transmission risk generally increases with proximity of those shedding the virus to those susceptible to infection. Thus, this risk is a function of both number of people and the area which they occupy. However, the latter continues to evade COVID-19 testing policy. Increased testing in areas with lower population density, has the potential to induce a false sense of security even as cases continue to rise sharply overall.

scholarly journals Variables associated with the performance of Centers for Dental Specialties in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Laura Cortellazzi ◽  
Edna Cesar Balbino ◽  
Luciane Miranda Guerra ◽  
Fabiana de Lima Vazquez ◽  
Jaqueline Vilela Bulgareli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Health Care Organization ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Care Organization ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Regional Location ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Variable Performance ◽  
Lower Population Density

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Centers for Dental Specialties (CDS) in the country and associations with sociodemographic indicators of the municipalities, structural variables of services and primary health care organization in the years 2004-2009. The study used secondary data from procedures performed in the CDS to the specialties of periodontics, endodontics, surgery and primary care. Bivariate analysis by χ2 test was used to test the association between the dependent variable (performance of the CDS) with the independents. Then, Poisson regression analysis was performed. With regard to the overall achievement of targets, it was observed that the majority of CDS (69.25%) performance was considered poor/regular. The independent factors associated with poor/regular performance of CDS were: municipalities belonging to the Northeast, South and Southeast regions, with lower Human Development Index (HDI), lower population density, and reduced time to deployment. HDI and population density are important for the performance of the CDS in Brazil. Similarly, the peculiarities related to less populated areas as well as regional location and time of service implementation CDS should be taken into account in the planning of these services.

scholarly journals Effect of the product of radiational removal of SO2 and NOx from combustion gases on the population of Globodera rostochiensis nematodes (Woll., Behrens 1975)

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 642-644
Author(s):  
G. Kaup ◽  
K. Janowicz ◽  
K. Paruch
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Lower Population Density

The studies were carried out in a greenhouse of the Agricultural University of Szczecin, during two growing seasons. The aim of this study was determine the effect of the product obtained from radiational SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> removal from combustion gases on the populations of Globodera rostochiensis nematodes — one of the most common quarantine organisms. The analysis of the effect of the applied product on the population of nematodes demonstrated their varied character of response. In the combination with the product of radiational purification of combustion gases, also significantly lower population density (number of eggs and larvae in 1 g of soil) and lower fecundity of Globodera rostochiensis females were observed compared to the control combination. And in the second year of the experiment, the number of cysts in the combination with the product of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> removal from combustion gases was significantly lower compared to the control, and was less than half of the quantity of the previous year.

The 2014 House Elections: Political Analysis and The Enduring Importance of Demographics

The Forum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Stonecash
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

AbstractPartisan success in House districts is significantly influenced by the composition of districts and the resulting partisan voting inclinations. Districts that are largely White and have lower population density vote Republican and those that are highly urban and dominated by non-Whites vote Democratic. That continued to play out in 2014. Although the 2014 House elections produced the highest number of Republican seats since 1928, the changes from 2012 to 2014 look less dramatic when assessed by district composition and partisan voting tendencies.

Mitigation of COVID Strategies Comparison Between United States and Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 359-382
Author(s):  
Mercedes Barrachina ◽  
Lucia Barrachina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Government ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
Medium Businesses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

The COVID-19 pandemic started in China at the end of 2019; however, during 2020, it has spread to more than 188 countries causing very hard times. Europe and the United States have followed different strategies to fight the virus. The differences between those areas in relation with the pandemic could be named shortly as for example the additional time that the United States had to prepare everything against the pandemic compared to Europe, as the American government had around three weeks in comparison to Europe to plan the strategy against the pandemic. The density of population is also an example of the differences between those areas as the United States has a lower population density compared to Europe, and this is another key fact affecting the spreading of COVID-19. The main objective of the study is to compare the different measures adopted by each region and analyze the impact they have in the economy and in small and medium businesses. Specific conclusions about the impact of the measures adopted will be extracted, and some lessons could be obtained from those conclusions.

scholarly journals Are Mobility and COVID-19 Related? A Dynamic Analysis for Portuguese Districts

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
António Casa Nova ◽  
Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Dora Almeida ◽  
Andreia Dionísio ◽  
Derick Quintino
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Dynamic Correlation ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Correlation Measures ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

In this research work, we propose to assess the dynamic correlation between different mobility indices, measured on a daily basis, and the new cases of COVID-19 in the different Portuguese districts. The analysis is based on global correlation measures, which capture linear and non-linear relationships in time series, in a robust and dynamic way, in a period without significant changes of non-pharmacological measures. The results show that mobility in retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy, and public transport shows a higher correlation with new COVID-19 cases than mobility in parks, workplaces or residences. It should also be noted that this relationship is lower in districts with lower population density, which leads to the need for differentiated confinement policies in order to minimize the impacts of a terrible economic and social crisis.

scholarly journals Staple Products, Linkages, and Development: Evidence from Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-762
Author(s):  
Federico Droller ◽  
Martin Fiszbein
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density ◽  
Identification Strategy

AbstractWe investigate how historical patterns of primary production influenced development across local economies in Argentina. Our identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in the composition of primary production induced by climatic features. We find that locations specializing in ranching had weaker linkages with other activities, higher concentration in land ownership, lower population density, and less immigration than cereal-producing areas. Over time, ranching localities continued to exhibit lower population density, and they experienced relatively sluggish industrialization. Ultimately, ranching specialization had large negative effects on long-run levels of income per capita and human capital.

scholarly journals The Association of Social Distancing, Population Density, and Temperature with the SARS-CoV-2 Instantaneous Reproduction Number in Counties Across the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rubin ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Brian T. Fisher ◽  
Antonio Gasparrini ◽  
Vicky Tam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

AbstractImportanceThe Covid-19 pandemic has been marked by considerable heterogeneity in outbreaks across the United States. Local factors that may be associated with variation in SARS-CoV-2 transmission have not been well studied.ObjectiveTo examine the association of county-level factors with variation in the SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number over time.DesignObservational studySetting211 counties in 46 states and the District of Columbia between February 25, 2020 and April 23, 2020.ParticipantsResidents within the counties (55% of the US population)ExposuresSocial distancing as measured by percent change in visits to non-essential businesses, population density, lagged daily wet bulb temperatures.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) which is the estimated number of cases generated by one case at a given time during the pandemic.ResultsMedian case incidence was 1185 cases and fatality rate was 43.7 deaths per 100,000 people for the top decile of 21 counties, nearly ten times the incidence and fatality rate in the lowest density quartile. Average Rt in the first two weeks was 5.7 (SD 2.5) in the top decile, compared to 3.1 (SD 1.2) in the lowest quartile. In multivariable analysis, a 50% decrease in visits to non-essential businesses was associated with a 57% decrease in Rt (95% confidence interval, 56% to 58%). Cumulative temperature effects over 4 to 10 days prior to case incidence were nonlinear; relative Rt decreased as temperatures warmed above 32°F to 53°F, which was the point of minimum Rt, then increased between 53°F and 66°F, at which point Rt began to decrease. At 55°F, and with a 70% reduction in visits to non-essential business, 96% of counties were estimated to fall below a threshold Rt of 1.0, including 86% of counties among the top density decile and 98% of counties in the lowest density quartile.Conclusions and RelevanceSocial distancing, lower population density, and temperate weather change were associated with a decreased SARS-Co-V-2 Rt in counties across the United States. These relationships can inform selective public policy planning in communities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Key PointsQuestionHow is the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) of SARS-CoV-2 influenced by local area effects of social distancing, wet bulb temperature, and population density in counties across the United States?FindingsSocial distancing, temperate weather, and lower population density were associated with a decrease in Rt. Of these county-specific factors, social distancing appeared to be the most significant in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission.MeaningRt varies significantly across counties. The relationship between Rt and county-specific factors can inform policies to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in selective and heterogeneous communities.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal changes in seasonal range attributes in a declining barren-ground caribou herd

Rangifer ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
John A. Virgl ◽  
W. James Rettie ◽  
Daniel W. Coulton
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Changes ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Working Hypotheses ◽  
Lower Population Density

From 1996 to 2015 the Bathurst caribou herd has declined from approximately 349,000 to 20,000 animals. Aboriginal traditional knowledge (TK) has recently observed the later arrival of the herd below the treeline, an attribute of the autumn range. Science also predicts that seasonal range attributes (e.g., area, location) likely vary with population size, and perhaps climate. We used Aboriginal TK and science to identify several seasonal range attributes that were ex­amined for changes through time (decreasing population abundance). Attributes of seasonal ranges for female Bathurst caribou were calculated using satellite radio-collar data from January 1996 through October 2013. Climate data from CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network were analyzed for trends from 1979 to 2009. Analyses showed a significant decrease in the area of post-calving and autumn ranges, but no changes in winter and spring ranges. Results supported Aboriginal TK that female caribou have shifted the autumn range farther from the treeline and moved into the forest later in the year. Analysis of climate variables found no trends at the spatio-temporal scale of the post-calving to autumn ranges. Working hypotheses to explain these patterns, which are not mutually exclusive, include reduced predation risk, increased use of core areas at lower population density, and greater utilization of areas of taiga where arboreal and ground lichen availability and accessibility are relatively higher than in the forest. This analysis demonstrates how including Aboriginal TK can lead to stronger connections and results, with potential to provide new and different insights for further investigations.

scholarly journals Nigeria and Italy Divergences in Coronavirus Experience: Impact of Population Density

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Amoo ◽  
Olujide Adekeye ◽  
Adebanke Olawole-Isaac ◽  
Fagbeminiyi Fasina ◽  
Paul O. Adekola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Physician Patient ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Similar Experience ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

Background. The reports and information on coronavirus are not conspicuously emphasising the possible impact of population density on the explanation of difference in rapid spread and fatality due to the disease and not much has been done on bicountry comparisons. Objective. The study examined the impact of population density on the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in two sociodemographic divergent countries. Methods. The study conducted a scoping review of published and unpublished articles including blogs on incidences and fatalities of COVID-19. The analysis followed qualitative description and quantitative presentation of the findings using only frequency distribution, percentages, and graphs. Results. The two countries shared similar experience of “importation” of COVID-19, but while different states ordered partial lockdown in Nigeria, it was an immediate total lockdown in Italy. The physician/patient ratio is high in Italy (1 : 328) but low in Nigeria (1 : 2500), while population density is 221 in Nigeria and 206 in Italy. Daily change in incidence rate reduced to below 20% after 51 and 30 days of COVID-19 first incidence in Italy and Nigeria, respectively. Fatality rate has plummeted to below 10% after the 66th day in Italy but has not been stabilised in Nigeria. Conclusion. The authors upheld both governments’ recommending measures that tilted towards personal hand-hygienic practices and social distancing. Authors suggested that if Italy with its high physician/patient ratio and lower population density compared to Nigeria could suffer high fatality from COVID-19 pandemic under four weeks, then Nigeria with its low physician/patient ratio and higher population density should prepare to face harder time if the pandemic persists.

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