SARS-CoV-2 Biology Insights, Part III. The COVID-19 latency hypotheses and the fertility question. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lafon-Hughes ◽  
Deborah J Keszenman
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Latent Infections ◽  
Maternal Transmission ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Do So

BACKGROUND As already reviewed in Part I, SARS-CoV-2 Spike is optimized for infection of multiple cell types, including immune cells. Accordingly, as reviewed in Part II, it can generate a systemic persistent infection. OBJECTIVE Now, two questions are addressed. First, whether it can be discarded that SARS-CoV-2 might remain as a latent infection to be reactivated by a stress years later. Second, whether it can or not be transmitted to descendants. METHODS A literature review was done through Google searches in order to know, first, if ss(+)RNA virus can establish latent infections. Then, regarding partially known mechanisms to do so. Third, wondering whether SARS-CoV-2 has the necessary elements to establish a latent infection using mechanisms similar to the ones previously reported. Apart from that, it was also searched whether there were reports of SARS-CoV-2 in semen, maternal transmission or fertility issues. RESULTS An hypotheses regarding COVID-19 latency is raised. The question regarding fertility is unanswered. CONCLUSIONS There is plenty of work to be done. In the meantime, as will be discussed in Part V Viewpoint, it is a good idea to make an effort to stay uninfected if possible, particularly for the young generations.

Multi-layer stackable tissue culture platform for 3D co-culture

TECHNOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Ileana Marrero-Berrios ◽  
Anil Shrirao ◽  
Charles P. Rabolli ◽  
Rishabh Hirday ◽  
Rene S. Schloss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Tissue Culture Insert ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Do So

In vitro tools, which can enable development of models that replicate the cell microenvironment associated with complex diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), are critically needed. In OA, catabolic and inflammatory processes orchestrated by multiple cell types lead to the eventual destruction of articular cartilage. To address this need, our group developed a device that will enable investigation of complex cell systems. Our stackable tissue culture insert was fabricated and characterized with respect to biocompatibility, ease of use, and potential for tissue culture applications. The stackable tissue culture inserts can be easily modified, fabricated, and assembled into commercially available multi-well plates. In vitro studies conducted with three different cell types demonstrated high cell viability and functional secretion when cultured in the stackable inserts. Furthermore, synergistic effects when the three cell types were cultured together were observed. This demonstrates the need to more fully interrogate in vitro culture systems, and this stackable insert can provide a tool to fill the current technological void to do so.

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomics to explore the immune system in health and disease

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 358 (6359) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. T. Stubbington ◽  
Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen ◽  
Aviv Regev ◽  
Sarah A. Teichmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multiple Cell

The immune system varies in cell types, states, and locations. The complex networks, interactions, and responses of immune cells produce diverse cellular ecosystems composed of multiple cell types, accompanied by genetic diversity in antigen receptors. Within this ecosystem, innate and adaptive immune cells maintain and protect tissue function, integrity, and homeostasis upon changes in functional demands and diverse insults. Characterizing this inherent complexity requires studies at single-cell resolution. Recent advances such as massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing and sophisticated computational methods are catalyzing a revolution in our understanding of immunology. Here we provide an overview of the state of single-cell genomics methods and an outlook on the use of single-cell techniques to decipher the adaptive and innate components of immunity.

scholarly journals Crucial biological functions of CCL7 in cancer

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Liu ◽  
Yadi Cai ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Yudong Wu ◽  
Xiangyang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Invasion ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Available Information

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7), a CC chemokine, is a chemotactic factor and attractant for various kinds of leukocytes, including monocytes and neutrophils. CCL7 is widely expressed in multiple cell types and can participate in anti-inflammatory responses through binding to its receptors to mediate the recruitment of immune cells. Abnormal CCL7 expression is associated with certain immune diseases. Furthermore, CCL7 plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. CCL7 promotes tumor progression by supporting the formation of the tumor microenvironment and facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, although some studies have suggested that CCL7 has tumor suppressor effects. In this review, we summarize the currently available information regarding the influence of CCL7 on tumors.

scholarly journals Typical Challenges of Governance for Sustainable Regional Development in Globalized Latin America: A Multidimensional Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2702
Author(s):  
Alejandro Balanzo ◽  
Leonardo Garavito ◽  
Héctor Rojas ◽  
Lenka Sobotova ◽  
Oscar Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Regional Sustainability ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development ◽  
Do So

The paper aims to identify and analyze what types of governance challenges for sustainable regional development in the context of globalization are more frequently found in scholarship regarding Latin America. In order to do so, we carried out a systematic review of scholarly works discussing regional sustainability issues across the region. Analytically, it provides a heuristic multidimensional framework for organizing and typifying the most frequent sustainable regional development governance challenges under study, offering a nuanced and interrelated account of economic, environmental, political, and socio-spatial scientific discussions. According to our findings, scholarship on Latin America shows a bricolage-like scenery where political atomization linked to economic factionalism and fragmentation stand out as frequently analyzed situations. Another frequent topic relates to discussions about political endeavors linked to environmental concerns, connecting incidence strategies with collective environmental conservation approaches.

scholarly journals Multiple cell types contribute to the atherosclerotic lesion fibrous cap by PDGFRβ and bioenergetic mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra A. C. Newman ◽  
Vlad Serbulea ◽  
Richard A. Baylis ◽  
Laura S. Shankman ◽  
Xenia Bradley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Lesion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fibrous Cap ◽  
Multiple Cell

scholarly journals MyD88 Is Not Required for Muscle Injury-Induced Endochondral Heterotopic Ossification in a Mouse Model of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 630
Author(s):  
Huili Lyu ◽  
Cody M. Elkins ◽  
Jessica L. Pierce ◽  
C. Henrique Serezani ◽  
Daniel S. Perrien
Keyword(s):  
Heterotopic Ossification ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva ◽  
Inflammatory Signaling ◽  
Conditional Deletion ◽  
Pathway Crosstalk ◽  
Multiple Cell

Excess inflammation and canonical BMP receptor (BMPR) signaling are coinciding hallmarks of the early stages of injury-induced endochondral heterotopic ossification (EHO), especially in the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Multiple inflammatory signaling pathways can synergistically enhance BMP-induced Smad1/5/8 activity in multiple cell types, suggesting the importance of pathway crosstalk in EHO and FOP. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1 receptors mediate many of the earliest injury-induced inflammatory signals largely via MyD88-dependent pathways. Thus, the hypothesis that MyD88-dependent signaling is required for EHO was tested in vitro and in vivo using global or Pdgfrα-conditional deletion of MyD88 in FOP mice. As expected, IL-1β or LPS synergistically increased Activin A (ActA)-induced phosphorylation of Smad 1/5 in fibroadipoprogenitors (FAPs) expressing Alk2R206H. However, conditional deletion of MyD88 in Pdgfrα-positive cells of FOP mice did not significantly alter the amount of muscle injury-induced EHO. Even more surprisingly, injury-induced EHO was not significantly affected by global deletion of MyD88. These studies demonstrate that MyD88-dependent signaling is dispensable for injury-induced EHO in FOP mice.

scholarly journals Microtubule–microtubule sliding by kinesin-1 is essential for normal cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (34) ◽  
pp. E4995-E5004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Lu ◽  
Michael Winding ◽  
Margot Lakonishok ◽  
Jill Wildonger ◽  
Vladimir I. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Actin Cortex ◽  
Microtubule Motor ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cytoplasmic Microtubules ◽  
Two Populations

Cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes is a microtubule-based bulk cytoplasmic movement. Streaming efficiently circulates and localizes mRNAs and proteins deposited by the nurse cells across the oocyte. This movement is driven by kinesin-1, a major microtubule motor. Recently, we have shown that kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC) can transport one microtubule on another microtubule, thus driving microtubule–microtubule sliding in multiple cell types. To study the role of microtubule sliding in oocyte cytoplasmic streaming, we used a Khc mutant that is deficient in microtubule sliding but able to transport a majority of cargoes. We demonstrated that streaming is reduced by genomic replacement of wild-type Khc with this sliding-deficient mutant. Streaming can be fully rescued by wild-type KHC and partially rescued by a chimeric motor that cannot move organelles but is active in microtubule sliding. Consistent with these data, we identified two populations of microtubules in fast-streaming oocytes: a network of stable microtubules anchored to the actin cortex and free cytoplasmic microtubules that moved in the ooplasm. We further demonstrated that the reduced streaming in sliding-deficient oocytes resulted in posterior determination defects. Together, we propose that kinesin-1 slides free cytoplasmic microtubules against cortically immobilized microtubules, generating forces that contribute to cytoplasmic streaming and are essential for the refinement of posterior determinants.

scholarly journals Single-cell mapping of focused ultrasound-transfected brain

Gene Therapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Mathew ◽  
C. M. Gorick ◽  
R. J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Stress Genes ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Differential Gene

AbstractGene delivery via focused ultrasound (FUS) mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening is a disruptive therapeutic modality. Unlocking its full potential will require an understanding of how FUS parameters (e.g., peak-negative pressure (PNP)) affect transfected cell populations. Following plasmid (mRuby) delivery across the BBB with 1 MHz FUS, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing to ascertain that distributions of transfected cell types were highly dependent on PNP. Cells of the BBB (i.e., endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes) were enriched at 0.2 MPa PNP, while transfection of cells distal to the BBB (i.e., neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) was augmented at 0.4 MPa PNP. PNP-dependent differential gene expression was observed for multiple cell types. Cell stress genes were upregulated proportional to PNP, independent of cell type. Our results underscore how FUS may be tuned to bias transfection toward specific brain cell types in vivo and predict how those cells will respond to transfection.

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