scholarly journals Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theerapat Muangpoon ◽  
Reza Haghighi Osgouei ◽  
David Escobar-Castillejos ◽  
Christos Kontovounisios ◽  
Fernando Bello
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
User Study ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Augmented Reality System ◽  
Main Challenge

BACKGROUND Digital rectal examination is a difficult examination to learn and teach because of limited opportunities for practice; however, the main challenge is that students and tutors cannot see the finger when it is palpating the anal canal and prostate gland inside the patients. OBJECTIVE This paper presents an augmented reality system to be used with benchtop models commonly available in medical schools with the aim of addressing the problem of lack of visualization. The system enables visualization of the examining finger, as well as of the internal organs when performing digital rectal examinations. Magnetic tracking sensors are used to track the movement of the finger, and a pressure sensor is used to monitor the applied pressure. By overlaying a virtual finger on the real finger and a virtual model on the benchtop model, students can see through the examination and finger maneuvers. METHODS The system was implemented in the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies) and uses a first-generation HoloLens (Microsoft Inc) as an augmented reality device. To evaluate the system, 19 participants (9 clinicians who routinely performed digital rectal examinations and 10 medical students) were asked to use the system and answer 12 questions regarding the usefulness of the system. RESULTS The system showed the movement of an examining finger in real time with a frame rate of 60 fps on the HoloLens and accurately aligned the virtual and real models with a mean error of 3.9 mm. Users found the movement of the finger was realistic (mean 3.9, SD 1.2); moreover, they found the visualization of the finger and internal organs were useful for teaching, learning, and assessment of digital rectal examinations (finger: mean 4.1, SD 1.1; organs: mean 4.6, SD 0.8), mainly targeting a novice group. CONCLUSIONS The proposed augmented reality system was designed to improve teaching and learning of digital rectal examination skills by providing visualization of the finger and internal organs. The initial user study proved its applicability and usefulness.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality System for Digital Rectal Examination Training and Assessment: System Validation

10.2196/18637 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. e18637
Author(s):  
Theerapat Muangpoon ◽  
Reza Haghighi Osgouei ◽  
David Escobar-Castillejos ◽  
Christos Kontovounisios ◽  
Fernando Bello
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
User Study ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Augmented Reality System ◽  
Main Challenge

Background Digital rectal examination is a difficult examination to learn and teach because of limited opportunities for practice; however, the main challenge is that students and tutors cannot see the finger when it is palpating the anal canal and prostate gland inside the patients. Objective This paper presents an augmented reality system to be used with benchtop models commonly available in medical schools with the aim of addressing the problem of lack of visualization. The system enables visualization of the examining finger, as well as of the internal organs when performing digital rectal examinations. Magnetic tracking sensors are used to track the movement of the finger, and a pressure sensor is used to monitor the applied pressure. By overlaying a virtual finger on the real finger and a virtual model on the benchtop model, students can see through the examination and finger maneuvers. Methods The system was implemented in the Unity game engine (Unity Technologies) and uses a first-generation HoloLens (Microsoft Inc) as an augmented reality device. To evaluate the system, 19 participants (9 clinicians who routinely performed digital rectal examinations and 10 medical students) were asked to use the system and answer 12 questions regarding the usefulness of the system. Results The system showed the movement of an examining finger in real time with a frame rate of 60 fps on the HoloLens and accurately aligned the virtual and real models with a mean error of 3.9 mm. Users found the movement of the finger was realistic (mean 3.9, SD 1.2); moreover, they found the visualization of the finger and internal organs were useful for teaching, learning, and assessment of digital rectal examinations (finger: mean 4.1, SD 1.1; organs: mean 4.6, SD 0.8), mainly targeting a novice group. Conclusions The proposed augmented reality system was designed to improve teaching and learning of digital rectal examination skills by providing visualization of the finger and internal organs. The initial user study proved its applicability and usefulness.

INVOLVEMENT OF THE PROSTATE BY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA, CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMI ALAZAB
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Prostate Volume ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Treatment Paradigm ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Prostate Diseases

Introduction: Few reports have described the involvement of the prostate by hematolymphoid infiltrate; the usual presentation is that of benign prostatic hyperplasia, because of the rarity of the condition; there is no specific diagnostic or treatment paradigm. We set out to study the clinicopathological features for this occurrence. Material and Method: This is a retrospective review to describe the clinical and pathological characters of secondary involvement of the prostate by chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma. Cohort included male patients above the age of 40 years who were diagnosed to have CLL with secondary infiltration of the prostate gland.Results: Among 1512 pathologies reviewed; nine patients were found to have involvement of the prostate gland by CLL. The discovery of the prostate involvement was proved either by pathology examination of prostate chips obtained by Tran Urethral Resection of the prostate or Tranrectal Ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. The average age 57.6 years, prostate specific antigen 2.52 ng/ml   AUA-score 23/35, abnormal Digital Rectal Examination 2/9, prostate volume 64 gm. Cohort was contrasted with our institutional prostate diseases database.Conclusion: Prostate gland might be an overlooked site of Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia infiltrate; patients usually present with severe obstructive symptoms and/or abnormal PSA/Digital Rectal Examination. Urologists and pathologists and should be oriented to the mode of presentation, diagnostic and treatment approaches of this population of patients.

A systematic review of the accuracy of the digital rectal examination as a method of measuring prostate gland volume

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
David RH Christie ◽  
Jane Windsor ◽  
Christopher F Sharpley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasound ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

Objective: There are many important clinical scenarios in which estimates of the volume of the prostate gland can have an influence on clinical decisions. The digital rectal examination is the simplest and most readily available method for measuring it. It is commonly performed numerous times every day by practising urologists and radiation oncologists. The prostate gland volume is the most studied parameter arising from it. Although reported in many heterogeneous studies, the accuracy of the digital rectal examination in measuring the volume has never been reviewed. Our aim was to conduct the world’s first systematic review. Methods: Articles from the literature were included if they compared the digital rectal examination with more accurate measures including fluid displacement after radical prostatectomy and transrectal ultrasound measurements. Results: Nineteen articles describing 7891 patients were reviewed and summarised. Wide variations were noted but most studies provided correlation coefficients that lay between 0.3 and 0.7. For those studies that did not involve special training in volume estimation or were not conducted by a urologist with a special interest in the correlation, the coefficients were below 0.6. For eight studies that analysed the estimated volume as a categorical variable, concordance was described using a variety of statistical tests but was generally high. Conclusions: The reported correlations were weak to moderate strength indicating that the digital rectal examination may not be accurate enough when quantitative measurements are required. However, enlargement of the prostate was detectable with high levels of concordance, indicating that the digital rectal examination is effective for that purpose. Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.

scholarly journals Do Patients Undergo Prostate Examination while Having a Colonoscopy?

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Hammett ◽  
Lawrence C Hookey ◽  
Jun Kawakami
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Direct Referral

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate at which physicians report performing a digital rectal examination and comment on the prostate gland before performing colonoscopy in men 50 to 70 years of age.METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all men 50 to 70 years of age who had a colonoscopy in Kingston, Ontario, in 2005 was completed. It was noted whether each physician described performing a digital rectal examination before the colonoscopy, and if so, whether he or she commented on the prostate.RESULTS: In 2005, 846 eligible colonoscopies were performed by 17 physicians in Kingston, Ontario. In 29.2% of cases, the physician made no comment about having performed a digital rectal examination; in 55.8% of cases, the physician commented on having completed a digital rectal examination but said nothing about the prostate; and in 15.0% of cases, the physician made a comment regarding the prostate. No physician consistently commented on the prostate for all patients, and in no circumstances was direct referral to another physician or follow-up suggested.DISCUSSION: A colonoscopy presents an ideal opportunity for physicians to use a digital rectal examination to assess for prostate cancer. Physicians performing colonoscopies in men 50 to 70 years of age should pay special attention to the prostate while performing a digital rectal examination before colonoscopy. This novel concept may help maximize resources for cancer screening and could potentially increase the detection rate of clinically palpable prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Documentation of Rectal Examination Performance in the Clinical Teaching Unit of a University Hospital

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh James Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Clinical Teaching ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Occult Blood ◽  
House Staff ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Medical Resident ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Teaching Unit

Digital rectal examination is used to evaluate the distal rectum and other organs, including the prostate gland. It may be combined with fecal screening for occult blood loss, and annual performance has been recommended for asymptomatic individuals over age 40 years for cancer screening. In this study, documentation of digital rectal examinations was assessed through a review of hospital medical records of a randomly selected group of 100 patient discharges (55 females and 45 males) from a total of 896 patients admitted through a hospital emergency room to a medical clinical teaching inpatient unit of a university hospital during a six-month period. In this group, 26% were admitted for a gastrointestinal disorder, but only 17% of all hospitalized patients had rectal examinations done by the medical resident house staff and/or attending medical staff directly responsible for the care of these patients. Occult blood testing was done in 15 patients. Pelvic and breast examinations were rarely documented. The majority of rectal examinations (ie, 13 of 17) were ’same sex’ examinations, appeared to be used largely for testing or confirmation of grossly visible blood loss and were never confirmed by attending staff. The presence or absence of nursing staff during examinations was not documented. The prostate examination was normal in one patient but not documented in the other 44 males (ie, 26 patients over age 60 years). In conclusion, rectal examinations (as well as breast and pelvic examinations) were rarely documented in the medical teaching unit by medical resident house staff or their attending staff.

scholarly journals Automatic Interior Design in Augmented Reality Based on Hierarchical Tree of Procedural Rules

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Peter Kán ◽  
Andrija Kurtic ◽  
Mohamed Radwan ◽  
Jorge M. Loáiciga Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
User Study ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Hierarchical Tree ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Augmented Reality System ◽  
Design Generation ◽  
Home Furnishing

Augmented reality has a high potential in interior design due to its capability of visualizing numerous prospective designs directly in a target room. In this paper, we present our research on utilization of augmented reality for interactive and personalized furnishing. We propose a new algorithm for automated interior design which generates sensible and personalized furniture configurations. This algorithm is combined with mobile augmented reality system to provide a user with an interactive interior design try-out tool. Personalized design is achieved via a recommender system which uses user preferences and room data as input. We conducted three user studies to explore different aspects of our research. The first study investigated the user preference between augmented reality and on-screen visualization for interactive interior design. In the second user study, we studied the user preference between our algorithm for automated interior design and optimization-based algorithm. Finally, the third study evaluated the probability of sensible design generation by the compared algorithms. The main outcome of our research suggests that augmented reality is viable technology for interactive home furnishing.

R.M.N. in the local staging of prostate cancer. Comparison of digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasonography, CT-scan and pathological results

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
L Faggiano ◽  
L. Maccatrozzo ◽  
F. Merlo ◽  
A. Fandella ◽  
P. Checchin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Preoperative Staging ◽  
Digital Rectal Examination ◽  
Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy ◽  
Transrectal Ultrasonography ◽  
Rectal Examination ◽  
Staging Accuracy ◽  
Local Staging

Accurate preoperative staging is important for selection of patients for radical retropubic prostatectomy. Twenty-two men with cyto-histological diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma were evaluated for local diffusion of the neoplasia prior to radical prostatectomy. Tumors confined to the prostate gland (no capsular penetration, no seminal vesical invasion and negative lynphonode) were determined by digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), pelvic CT-scan, and MRI and then compared to the pathological results. Correct T-staging and predictive value for tumor confinement were better for TRUS: 77% and 69,2% respectively. Statistically it was not much different from T-staging accuracy and predictive value for tumor confinement of CT-scan and MRI, but DRE proved to be the least accurate. All examinations cannot identify the microscopic extent of the tumor.

scholarly journals A User Study of a Prototype of a Spatial Augmented Reality System for Education and Interaction with Geographic Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Gabriel de A. Pereira ◽  
João Bravo ◽  
Jorge Centeno
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
User Study ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Augmented Reality System ◽  
Reading Context ◽  
System Prototype

Recent technological advancements in many areas have changed the way that individuals interact with the world. Some daily tasks require visualization skills, especially when in a map-reading context. Augmented Reality systems could provide substantial improvement to geovisualization once it enhances a real scene with virtual information. However, relatively little research has worked on assessing the effective contribution of such systems during map reading. So, this research aims to provide a first look into the usability of an Augmented Reality system prototype for interaction with geoinformation. For this purpose, we have designed an activity with volunteers in order to assess the system prototype usability. We have interviewed 14 users (three experts and 11 non-experts), where experts were subjects with the following characteristics: a professor; with a PhD degree in Cartography, GIS, Geography, or Environmental Sciences/Water Resources; and with experience treating spatial information related to water resources. The activity aimed to detect where the system really helps the user to interpret a hydrographic map and how the users were helped by the Augmented Reality system prototype. We may conclude that the Augmented Reality system was helpful to the users during the map reading, as well as allowing the construction of spatial knowledge within the proposed scenario.

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