scholarly journals Acceptance and Expectations of Medical Experts, Students, and Patients Toward Electronic Mental Health Apps: Cross-Sectional Quantitative and Qualitative Survey Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Mayer ◽  
Nadine Gronewold ◽  
Simone Alvarez ◽  
Bastian Bruns ◽  
Thomas Hilbel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Qualitative Survey

BACKGROUND The acceptability of electronic mental (e-mental) health apps has already been studied. However, the attitudes of medical experts, students, and patients taking into account their knowledge of and previous experiences with e-mental health apps have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes, expectations, and concerns of medical experts, including physicians, psychotherapists and nursing staff, students of medicine or psychology, and patients toward e-mental health apps when considering their knowledge of and former experiences with e-mental health apps. METHODS This cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative survey was based on a self-developed questionnaire. A total of 269 participants were included (104 experts, 80 students, and 85 patients), and 124 eligible participants answered a paper version and 145 answered an identical online version of the questionnaire. The measures focused on existing knowledge of and experiences with e-mental health apps, followed by a question on whether electronic health development was generally accepted or disliked. Further, we asked about the expectations for an ideal e-mental health app and possible concerns felt by the participants. All items were either presented on a 5-point Likert scale or as multiple-choice questions. Additionally, 4 items were presented as open text fields. RESULTS Although 33.7% (35/104) of the experts, 15.0% (12/80) of the students, and 41.2% (35/85) of the patients knew at least one e-mental health app, few had already tried one (9/104 experts [8.7%], 1/80 students [1.3%], 22/85 patients [25.9%]). There were more advocates than skeptics in each group (advocates: 71/104 experts [68.3%], 50/80 students [62.5%], 46/85 patients [54.1%]; skeptics: 31/104 experts [29.8%], 20/80 students [25.0%], 26/85 patients [30.6%]). The experts, in particular, believed, that e-mental health apps will gain importance in the future (mean 1.08, SD 0.68; 95% CI 0.94-1.21). When asked about potential risks, all groups reported slight concerns regarding data security (mean 0.85, SD 1.09; 95% CI 0.72-0.98). Patient age was associated with several attitudes toward e-mental health apps (future expectations: r=–0.31, <italic>P</italic>=.005; total risk score: r=0.22, <italic>P</italic>=.05). Attitudes toward e-mental health apps correlated negatively with the professional experience of the experts (r<sub>s</sub>(94)=–0.23, <italic>P</italic>=.03). CONCLUSIONS As opposed to patients, medical experts and students lack knowledge of and experience with e-mental health apps. If present, the experiences were assessed positively. However, experts show a more open-minded attitude with less fear of risks. Although some risks were perceived regarding data security, the attitudes and expectations of all groups were rather positive. Older patients and medical experts with long professional experience tend to express more skepticism. CLINICALTRIAL German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00013095; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do? navigationId=trial.HTML&amp;TRIAL_ID=DRKS00013095

scholarly journals Acceptance and Expectations of Medical Experts, Students, and Patients Toward Electronic Mental Health Apps: Cross-Sectional Quantitative and Qualitative Survey Study

10.2196/14018 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. e14018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Mayer ◽  
Nadine Gronewold ◽  
Simone Alvarez ◽  
Bastian Bruns ◽  
Thomas Hilbel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Qualitative Survey

Background The acceptability of electronic mental (e-mental) health apps has already been studied. However, the attitudes of medical experts, students, and patients taking into account their knowledge of and previous experiences with e-mental health apps have not been investigated. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes, expectations, and concerns of medical experts, including physicians, psychotherapists and nursing staff, students of medicine or psychology, and patients toward e-mental health apps when considering their knowledge of and former experiences with e-mental health apps. Methods This cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative survey was based on a self-developed questionnaire. A total of 269 participants were included (104 experts, 80 students, and 85 patients), and 124 eligible participants answered a paper version and 145 answered an identical online version of the questionnaire. The measures focused on existing knowledge of and experiences with e-mental health apps, followed by a question on whether electronic health development was generally accepted or disliked. Further, we asked about the expectations for an ideal e-mental health app and possible concerns felt by the participants. All items were either presented on a 5-point Likert scale or as multiple-choice questions. Additionally, 4 items were presented as open text fields. Results Although 33.7% (35/104) of the experts, 15.0% (12/80) of the students, and 41.2% (35/85) of the patients knew at least one e-mental health app, few had already tried one (9/104 experts [8.7%], 1/80 students [1.3%], 22/85 patients [25.9%]). There were more advocates than skeptics in each group (advocates: 71/104 experts [68.3%], 50/80 students [62.5%], 46/85 patients [54.1%]; skeptics: 31/104 experts [29.8%], 20/80 students [25.0%], 26/85 patients [30.6%]). The experts, in particular, believed, that e-mental health apps will gain importance in the future (mean 1.08, SD 0.68; 95% CI 0.94-1.21). When asked about potential risks, all groups reported slight concerns regarding data security (mean 0.85, SD 1.09; 95% CI 0.72-0.98). Patient age was associated with several attitudes toward e-mental health apps (future expectations: r=–0.31, P=.005; total risk score: r=0.22, P=.05). Attitudes toward e-mental health apps correlated negatively with the professional experience of the experts (rs(94)=–0.23, P=.03). Conclusions As opposed to patients, medical experts and students lack knowledge of and experience with e-mental health apps. If present, the experiences were assessed positively. However, experts show a more open-minded attitude with less fear of risks. Although some risks were perceived regarding data security, the attitudes and expectations of all groups were rather positive. Older patients and medical experts with long professional experience tend to express more skepticism. Trial Registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00013095; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do? navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00013095

scholarly journals Self-guided cognitive behavioral therapy apps: Can they help? Systematic assessment of features, functionality, and congruence with evidence (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martinengo ◽  
Anne-Claire Stona ◽  
Konstadina Griva ◽  
Paola Dazzan ◽  
Carmine Maria Pariante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Restructuring ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Health Apps

BACKGROUND Mental health disorders affect one in ten people globally, of which around 300 million are affected by depression. At least half of affected people remain untreated. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment but access to specialized providers, habitually challenging, has worsened with COVID-19. Internet-based CBT (iCBT) is effective and a feasible strategy to increase access to treatment for people with depression. Mental health apps may further assist in facilitating self-management for people affected by depression but accessing the right app might be cumbersome given the large number and wide variety of apps offered by public app marketplaces. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess features, functionality, data security and congruence with evidence of self-guided CBT-based apps available in major app stores, suitable for users suffering from depression. METHODS A systematic assessment of self-guided CBT-based apps available in Google Play and Apple’s App Store was conducted. Apps launched or updated since August 2018 were identified through a systematic search in 42matters using CBT-related terms. Apps meeting inclusion criteria were downloaded and assessed using a Samsung Galaxy J7 Pro (Android 9) and iPhone 7 (iOS 13.3.1). Apps were appraised using a 182-question checklist developed by the research team, comprising apps’ general characteristics, CBT-related features, including six evidence-based CBT techniques as informed by a CBT manual, CBT competences framework and a literature review of iCBT clinical trial protocols (psychoeducation, behavioral activation, cognitive restructuring, problem solving, relaxation, and exposure for comorbid anxiety), and technical aspects and quality assurance. Results were reported as a narrative review, using descriptive statistics. RESULTS The initial search yielded 3006 apps, of which 98 apps met inclusion criteria and were systematically assessed. There were 20 wellbeing apps, 65 mental health apps and 13 depression apps. Twenty-eight apps offered at least four evidence-based CBT techniques, particularly depression apps. Cognitive restructuring was the most common technique, offered by 77/98 apps. Only a third of apps offered suicide- risk management resources while less than 20% of apps offered COVID-19-related information. Most apps included a privacy policy, but only a third of apps presented it before account creation. Eighty percent of privacy policies stated sharing data with third party service providers. Half of app development teams included academic institutions or healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS Only few self-guided CBT-based apps offer comprehensive CBT programs or suicide risk management resources. Sharing of users’ data is widespread, highlighting shortcomings in the health app market governance. To fulfill their potential, self-guided CBT-based apps should follow evidence-based clinical guidelines, be patient-centered and enhance users’ data security. CLINICALTRIAL NA

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Distress of Medical Students in Japan: Cross-sectional Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshito Nishimura ◽  
Kanako Ochi ◽  
Kazuki Tokumasu ◽  
Mikako Obika ◽  
Hideharu Hagiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Subjective Mental Health

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected medical education. However, little data are available about medical students’ distress during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide details on how medical students have been affected by the pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 717 medical students participated in the web-based survey. The survey included questions about how the participants’ mental status had changed from before to after the Japanese nationwide state of emergency (SOE). RESULTS Out of 717 medical students, 473 (66.0%) participated in the study. In total, 29.8% (141/473) of the students reported concerns about the shift toward online education, mostly because they thought online education would be ineffective compared with in-person learning. The participants’ subjective mental health status significantly worsened after the SOE was lifted (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). Those who had concerns about a shift toward online education had higher odds of having generalized anxiety and being depressed (odds ratio [OR] 1.97, 95% CI 1.19-3.28) as did those who said they would request food aid (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.16-3.44) and mental health care resources (OR 3.56, 95% CI 2.07-6.15). CONCLUSIONS Given our findings, the sudden shift to online education might have overwhelmed medical students. Thus, we recommend that educators inform learners that online learning is not inferior to in-person learning, which could attenuate potential depression and anxiety.

scholarly journals Residency training amid the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the impact on mental health and training, a lesson from Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Moini ◽  
Khadije Maajani ◽  
Ramesh Omranipour ◽  
Mohamad-Reza Zafarghandi ◽  
Ashraf Aleyasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Residency Training ◽  
General Surgery ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background COVID-19 has affected the training programs and the clinical schedules of surgical wards in many countries, including Iran. Also, the continuous involvement with COVID-19 patients has caused stress in health care workers; among them, residents are on the frontlines of care delivery. Therefore, we designed a study to assess the mental effects of these circumstances, and the effects on General Surgery and Obstetrics & Gynecology residency training in the busiest surgical departments of our university. Methods Participants of this cross-sectional study were residents of General Surgery and Obstetrics & Gynecology of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the conventional sampling method was used. We used a questionnaire consisting of 47 questions (mostly using multiple choice questions and answers on the Likert scale) about personal, familial, and demographic characteristics; training activities, and mental effects of COVID-19. Results The response rate was 63.5%. (127 filled questionnaires). Around 96% of the residents had emotional problems, 85.9% were highly stressed about contracting COVID-19, 81.3% were worried about transferring it to their families; and 78% believed that their residency training had been impaired. Conclusion Overall, our study shows the negative impact of COVID-19 on mental health and the training of residents. We propose that appropriate emotional support and suitable planning for compensation of training deficits is provided for residents.

scholarly journals Mental and Emotional Self-Help Technology Apps: Cross-Sectional Study of Theory, Technology, and Mental Health Behaviors

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T Crookston ◽  
Joshua H West ◽  
P Cougar Hall ◽  
Kaitana Martinez Dahle ◽  
Thomas L Heaton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Self Help ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Background Mental and emotional self-help apps have emerged as potential mental illness prevention and treatment tools. The health behavior theory mechanisms by which these apps influence mental health–related behavior change have not been thoroughly examined. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association between theoretical behavior change mechanisms and use of mental and emotional self-help apps and whether the use of such apps is associated with mental health behaviors. Methods This study utilized a cross-sectional survey of 150 users of mental or emotional health apps in the past 6 months. Survey questions included theory-based items, app engagement and likeability items, and behavior change items. Stata version 14 was used to calculate all statistics. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each of the demographic, theory, engagement, and behavior variables. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with reported changes in theory and separately for reported changes in actual behavior after controlling for potentially confounding variables. Results Participants reported that app use increased their motivation, desire to set goals, confidence, control, and intentions to be mentally and emotionally healthy. Engagement (P<.001) was positively associated with the reported changes in theory items, whereas perceived behavior change was positively associated with theory (P<.001), engagement (P=.004), frequency of use of apps (P=.01), and income (P=.049). Conclusions Participants reported that app use increased their motivation, desire to set goals, confidence, control, and intentions to be mentally and emotionally healthy. This increase in perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes surrounding their mental and emotional health was considerably associated with perceived change in behavior. There was a positive association between the level of engagement with the app and the impact on theory items. Future efforts should consider the value of impacting key theoretical constructs when designing mental and emotional health apps. As apps are evaluated and additional theory-based apps are created, cost-effective self-help apps may become common preventative and treatment tools in the mental health field.

scholarly journals Healthcare Workers’ Attitudes toward Patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Ottolenghi ◽  
Rodney A McLaren ◽  
Cecilia Bahamon ◽  
Mudar Dalloul ◽  
Sandra McCalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Registered Nurses ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test

Abstract Background Early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, before the routine availability and/or use of personal protective equipment, healthcare workers were understandably concerned. Our aim was to explore healthcare workers’ attitudes towards patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 at the time of the nation’s first surge in two highly affected hospitals in New York. Methods We performed a cross-sectional, self-administered survey study of healthcare workers. The survey consisted of 17 multiple-choice questions including demographic information, ethics and willingness to care for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Subgroup analyses were performed using Fisher’s exact test. Results Of 340 healthcare workers approached, 338 (99.4%) consented to the survey; 163 (48.7%) were registered nurses and 160 (48.3%) lived with children. While 326 (97.3%) workers were concerned about putting their family/coworkers at risk of infection after caring for a patient with SARS-CoV-2, only 30 (8.9%) were unwilling to treat a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Registered nurses were more likely than other healthcare workers to think it was ethical to refuse care for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, worried more often about contracting infection, and felt that SARS-CoV-2 added to their stress level (p=.009, p=.018, p&lt;.001, respectively). A similar contrast was seen when comparing workers who live with children with those that did not. Conclusion Levels of stress and concern were extremely high. In spite of that, the overwhelming majority of workers were willing to treat patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Registered nurses and healthcare workers who live with children were more likely to think it is ethical to refuse care for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

scholarly journals Newly Mothers' Mental Health and Breastfeeding Rates During 2019 Coronavirus Disease Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Morniroli ◽  
Alessandra Consales ◽  
Lorenzo Colombo ◽  
Elena Nicoletta Bezze ◽  
Lidia Zanotta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospital Policies ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Breastfeeding Rates

Abstract BackgroundNewly mothers are at higher risk of experiencing higher levels of anxiety and stress, especially during a pandemic event. Mothers’ mental health can negatively impact breastfeeding rates and the dyad’s overall health. Aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms in newly mothers throughout hospital stay during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with perceived postpartum support and breastfeeding outcomes at discharge.MethodsA cross-sectional survey study was conducted in a neonatal tertiary referral center, in northern Italy between April and May 2020 during Italy’s lockdown, including a sample of 117 mothers with a negative naso-pharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2.Maternal anxiety levels were assessed through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form Y, with TRAIT-A and STATE-A scores indicating personality trait and current emotional state, respectively. Maternal perception of staff’s support was evaluated by the Nurse Parent Support Tool (NPST). Breastfeeding rates at discharge and sociodemographic information were also collected. A STATE-A score >=40 was considered indicative of clinically significant symptoms of anxiety. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine correlations between anxiety levels and variables of interest.ResultsA total of 109 mothers completed the study. Mean STATE-A score was >=40 in 42% of mothers and median NPST score was 4.23. A TRAIT-A score>=40, a NPST score <=4.23, father’s absence during hospital stay and primiparity were independently associated with a STATE-A score >=40 (OR 3.45 (95%CI 1.27; 9.35), 4.72 (1.91; 11.64), 2.73 (1.06; 7.07), 3.74 (1.35; 10.37), respectively). Exclusive breastfeeding rates at discharge were 80% and were not affected by neither mothers’ anxiety level nor changes in hospital policies.Conclusions Our study describes the short-term effects on newly-mothers of hospital policies and preventive measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the positive impact of fathers’ presence and high perceived support during hospital stay on maternal mental health, particularly primiparas’. Breastfeeding rates at discharge were not affected by the pandemic.

scholarly journals Mental Health Mobile Phone App Usage, Concerns, and Benefits Among Psychiatric Outpatients: Comparative Survey Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Torous ◽  
Hannah Wisniewski ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Matcheri Keshavan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
The State ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Single Time Point ◽  
Time Point

BACKGROUND Despite the popularity of mental health apps, it is unknown if they are actually used by those with mental illness. This study assessed whether differences in clinic setting may influence the use of mental health apps and which factors influence patient perception of apps. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of how individuals with mental illness use their mobile phones by exploring their access to mobile phones and their use of mental health apps. METHODS A single time point survey study was conducted over a 2-week period in February 2018 at two nearby outpatient psychiatry clinics: one serving largely mood and anxiety disorder patients with private insurance staffed by both faculty and residents and the other serving largely psychotic disorder patients in a state Department of Mental Health (DMH) setting. A total of 25 patients at the state DMH clinic also consented for a single time point observation of apps currently installed on their personal mobile phone. RESULTS A total of 113 patients at the private insurance clinic and 73 at the state DMH clinic completed the survey. Those in the private insurance clinic were more likely to download a mental health app compared to the state DMH clinic, but actual rates of reported current app usage were comparable at each clinic, approximately 10%. Verifying current apps on patients’ mobile phones at the state DMH clinic confirmed that approximately 10% had mental health apps installed. Patients at both clinics were most concerned about privacy of mental health apps, although those at the state DMH clinic viewed cost savings as the greatest benefit while those at the private clinic reported time as the greatest benefit. CONCLUSIONS High interest in mental health apps does not automatically translate into high use. Our results of low but similar rates of mental health app use at diverse clinics suggests DMH patients with largely psychotic disorders are as interested and engaged with apps as those in a private insurance clinic treating largely mood and anxiety disorders. Results from our study also highlight the importance of understanding how actual patients are using apps instead of relying on internet-based samples, which often yield higher results due to their likelihood of being selected.

scholarly journals Use of Asynchronous Virtual Mental Health Resources for COVID-19 Pandemic–Related Stress Among the General Population in Canada: Cross-Sectional Survey Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris G Richardson ◽  
Allie Slemon ◽  
Anne Gadermann ◽  
Corey McAuliffe ◽  
Kimberly Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Stress

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in profound mental health impacts among the general population worldwide. As many in-person mental health support services have been suspended or transitioned online to facilitate physical distancing, there have been numerous calls for the rapid expansion of asynchronous virtual mental health (AVMH) resources. These AVMH resources have great potential to provide support for people coping with negative mental health impacts associated with the pandemic; however, literature examining use prior to COVID-19 illustrates that the uptake of these resources is consistently low. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to examine the use of AVMH resources in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population and among a participant subgroup classified as experiencing an adverse mental health impact related to the pandemic. METHODS Data from this study were drawn from the first wave of a large multiwave cross-sectional monitoring survey, distributed from May 14 to 29, 2020. Participants (N=3000) were adults living in Canada. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample, and bivariate cross-tabulations were used to examine the relationships between the use of AVMH resources and self-reported indicators of mental health that included a range of emotional and coping-related responses to the pandemic. Univariate and fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between sociodemographic and health-related characteristics and use of AVMH resources in the subgroup of participants who reported experiencing one or more adverse mental health impacts identified in the set of self-reported mental health indicators. RESULTS Among the total sample, 2.0% (n=59) of participants reported accessing AVMH resources in the prior 2 weeks to cope with stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the highest rates of use among individuals who reported self-harm (n=5, 10.4%) and those who reported coping “not well” with COVID-19–related stress (n=22, 5.5%). Within the subgroup of 1954 participants (65.1% of the total sample) who reported an adverse mental health impact related to COVID-19, 54 (2.8%) reported use of AVMH resources. Individuals were more likely to have used AVMH resources if they had reported receiving in-person mental health supports, were connecting virtually with a mental health worker or counselor, or belonged to a visible minority group. CONCLUSIONS Despite substantial government investment into AVMH resources, uptake is low among both the general population and individuals who may benefit from the use of these resources as a means of coping with the adverse mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the barriers to use.

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