scholarly journals Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis

10.2196/18290 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. e18290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Qin Chen ◽  
Yu-Fei Leng ◽  
Jian-Feng Ge ◽  
Dan-Wen Wang ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Nursing Education ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Spatial Presence ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Standard Mean Difference ◽  
And Performance

Background Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create an interactive three-dimensional (3D) world, which gives users a sense of spatial presence. In nursing education, VR has been used to help optimize teaching and learning processes. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in nursing education in the areas of knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. Methods We conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of VR in nursing education based on the Cochrane methodology. An electronic literature search using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), up to December 2019 was conducted to identify studies that reported the effectiveness of VR on knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. The study selection and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the selected studies was determined using the Cochrane criteria for risk-of-bias assessment. Results A total of 12 studies, including 821 participants, were selected for the final analysis. We found that VR was more effective than the control conditions in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.75, P<.001, I2=47%). However, there was no difference between VR and the control conditions in skills (SMD=0.01, 95% CI –0.24 to 0.26, P=.93, I2=37%), satisfaction (SMD=0.01, 95% CI –0.79 to 0.80, P=.99, I2=86%), confidence (SMD=0.00, 95% CI –0.28 to 0.27, P=.99, I2=0%), and performance time (SMD=–0.55, 95% CI –2.04 to 0.94, P=.47, I2=97%). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that VR can effectively improve knowledge in nursing education, but it was not more effective than other education methods in areas of skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. Further rigorous studies with a larger sample size are warranted to confirm these results.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Nursing Education: Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng-Qin Chen ◽  
Yu-Fei Leng ◽  
Jian-Feng Ge ◽  
Dan-Wen Wang ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Nursing Education ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Spatial Presence ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
Standard Mean Difference ◽  
And Performance

BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create an interactive three-dimensional (3D) world, which gives users a sense of spatial presence. In nursing education, VR has been used to help optimize teaching and learning processes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VR in nursing education in the areas of knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of VR in nursing education based on the Cochrane methodology. An electronic literature search using the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), up to December 2019 was conducted to identify studies that reported the effectiveness of VR on knowledge, skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. The study selection and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the selected studies was determined using the Cochrane criteria for risk-of-bias assessment. RESULTS A total of 12 studies, including 821 participants, were selected for the final analysis. We found that VR was more effective than the control conditions in improving knowledge (standard mean difference [SMD]=0.58, 95% CI 0.41-0.75, <i>P</i>&lt;.001, <i>I<sup>2</sup></i>=47%). However, there was no difference between VR and the control conditions in skills (SMD=0.01, 95% CI –0.24 to 0.26, <i>P</i>=.93, <i>I<sup>2</sup></i>=37%), satisfaction (SMD=0.01, 95% CI –0.79 to 0.80, <i>P</i>=.99, <i>I<sup>2</sup></i>=86%), confidence (SMD=0.00, 95% CI –0.28 to 0.27, <i>P</i>=.99, <i>I<sup>2</sup></i>=0%), and performance time (SMD=–0.55, 95% CI –2.04 to 0.94, <i>P</i>=.47, <i>I<sup>2</sup></i>=97%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that VR can effectively improve knowledge in nursing education, but it was not more effective than other education methods in areas of skills, satisfaction, confidence, and performance time. Further rigorous studies with a larger sample size are warranted to confirm these results.

scholarly journals Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Balance and Gait Ability in Patients With Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1905-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona J.M. de Rooij ◽  
Ingrid G.L. van de Port ◽  
Jan-Willem G. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Conventional Therapy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Vr Training

AbstractBackgroundVirtual reality (VR) training is considered to be a promising novel therapy for balance and gait recovery in patients with stroke.PurposeThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to investigate whether balance or gait training using VR is more effective than conventional balance or gait training in patients with stroke.Data SourcesA literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library up to December 1, 2015.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials that compared the effect of balance or gait training with and without VR on balance and gait ability in patients with stroke were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwenty-one studies with a median PEDro score of 6.0 were included. The included studies demonstrated a significant greater effect of VR training on balance and gait recovery after stroke compared with conventional therapy as indicated with the most frequently used measures: gait speed, Berg Balance Scale, and Timed “Up & Go” Test. Virtual reality was more effective to train gait and balance than conventional training when VR interventions were added to conventional therapy and when time dose was matched.LimitationsThe presence of publication bias and diversity in included studies were limitations of the study.ConclusionsThe results suggest that VR training is more effective than balance or gait training without VR for improving balance or gait ability in patients with stroke. Future studies are recommended to investigate the effect of VR on participation level with an adequate follow-up period. Overall, a positive and promising effect of VR training on balance and gait ability is expected.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of a gluten-free diet and/or casein-free diet for children with autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuliu Quan ◽  
Xinjie Xu ◽  
Yonghong Cui ◽  
Heze Han ◽  
Robert L Hendren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Standard Mean Difference

Abstract Context It has been suggested that a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet may alleviate the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate neurodevelopment of children with ASD. Studies to date have been inconclusive. Objective This study aimed to evaluate (through quantitative meta-analysis) the efficacy and safety of a GFCF diet for children with ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an analysis has been carried out. Data Sources Eight electronic databases were searched, from the establishment of each database up to March 27, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases. Data Extraction Two authors independently performed the data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment. Data Analysis A quantitative meta-analysis was performed with standard procedures by using Stata SE 15 software. Within the total of 8 studies, with 297 participants, 5 studies reported significant reductions in stereotypical behaviors [standard mean difference (SMD) = –0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.68 to –0.15], and 3 studies reported improvements in cognition (SMD = –0.46, 95% CI: –0.91 to –0.01) following GFCF dietary intervention. No statistically significant changes were observed in other symptomatic categories (all P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion The current meta-analysis showed that a GFCF diet can reduce stereotypical behaviors and improve the cognition of children with ASD. Though most of the included studies were single-blind, the benefits of a GFCF diet that have been indicated are promising. Additional studies on a larger scale are warranted. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020177619.

scholarly journals Ultrasound-Guided Cervical Medial Branch Blocks: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri Souza
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Similar Efficacy ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Medial Branch ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Ct Guided ◽  
Performance Time ◽  
And Performance

Objective: Cervical medial branch blocks (CMBBs) are useful in differentiating facetogenic pain from other sources of cervicogenic headaches and neck pain. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the efficacy, performance time, pain reduction, and adverse events associated with ultrasound (US) guided CMBB compared with other commonly used guidance methods such as fluoroscopy and computed tomography (CT). Methods: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Ovid were completed to identify studies addressing CMBBs utilizing ultrasound compared to other imaging techniques. Three reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts, extracting data from eligible studies. Outcomes of interest including success rate, efficacy, performance time and complication profile were analyzed in meta-analysis. All other reported measures and complication profiles were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 9 studies were included. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 cohort studies satisfied inclusion criteria. US-guided CMBBs demonstrated similar success rates (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.15 to 7.52, z = 0.05, P = 0.96) and similar pain efficacy (SMD = -0.54, 95% CI = -1.91 to 0.83, z = - 0.77, P = 0.44) compared to traditional guidance techniques. However, US-guided CMBBs demonstrated reduced performance time (SMD = -1.77, 95% CI = -2.65 to -0.89, z = -3.94, P <0.01) and rate of vascular injury/injection (OR = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.75, z = -2.23, P = 0.03) compared to fluoroscopy guided CMBBs. Conclusion: This review and meta-analysis demonstrated that US-guided cervical medial branch blocks are a reliable alternative to fluoroscopy- and CT-guided CMBBs, with similar efficacy but a potentially improved safety and performance time.

scholarly journals Systematic review with meta-analysis: effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygenation therapy for ulcerative colitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 175628482110233
Author(s):  
Pingrun Chen ◽  
Yina Li ◽  
Xian Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Standard Mean Difference

Background and aims: Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy has been used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in the past few years. However, its efficacy still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen combination therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive study search up to September 2020, from the online databases Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang and VIP. Results: Thirteen studies comprising 780 patients were included. We found that compared with conventional therapy, hyperbaric oxygen combination therapy was superior in reaching clinical remission [risk ratio (RR)=1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 1.84; p < 0.001] and clinical response (RR=1.29; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.38; p < 0.001), with lower disease activity scores [standard mean difference (SMD)= −1.19; 95%CI −1.74 to −0.65; p < 0.001]. An obvious reduction of serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (SMD= −1.96; 95%CI −2.50 to −1.41; p < 0.001) and interleukin (IL)-6 (SMD= −2.49; 95% CI −2.84 to −2.15; p < 0.001), and elevation of IL-10 level (SMD=2.40; 95% CI 0.68 to 4.12; p = 0.006) were also observed. Conclusion: Hyperbaric oxygen combination therapy was effective in patients with ulcerative colitis, and has potential as a complementary method for its treatment.

scholarly journals Prevalence of retinopathy in prediabetes: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e040997
Author(s):  
Varo Kirthi ◽  
Paul Nderitu ◽  
Uazman Alam ◽  
Jennifer Evans ◽  
Sarah Nevitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cochrane Library

IntroductionThere is growing evidence of a higher than expected prevalence of retinopathy in prediabetes. This paper presents the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis of retinopathy in prediabetes. The aim of the review is to estimate the prevalence of retinopathy in prediabetes and to summarise the current data.Methods and analysisThis protocol is developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. A comprehensive electronic bibliographic search will be conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies will report prevalence data for retinopathy on fundus photography in adults with prediabetes. No time restrictions will be placed on the date of publication. Screening for eligible studies and data extraction will be conducted by two reviewers independently, using predefined inclusion criteria and prepiloted data extraction forms. Disagreements between the reviewers will be resolved by discussion, and if required, a third (senior) reviewer will arbitrate.The primary outcome is the prevalence of any standard features of diabetic retinopathy (DR) on fundus photography, as per International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale (ICDRSS) classification. Secondary outcomes are the prevalence of (1) any retinal microvascular abnormalities on fundus photography that are not standard features of DR as per ICDRSS classification and (2) any macular microvascular abnormalities on fundus photography, including but not limited to the presence of macular exudates, microaneurysms and haemorrhages. Risk of bias for included studies will be assessed using a validated risk of bias tool for prevalence studies. Pooled estimates for the prespecified outcomes of interest will be calculated using random effects meta-analytic techniques. Heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as this is a protocol for a systematic review and no primary data are to be collected. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international meetings including Diabetes UK, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, American Diabetes Association and International Diabetes Federation conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020184820.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Antalgic Therapies in Patients with Vertebral Bone Metastasis: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3991
Author(s):  
Antonio Jose Martin-Perez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Paula Postigo-Martin ◽  
Marc Sampedro Pilegaard ◽  
Carolina Fernández-Lao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bone Metastasis ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Vertebral Metastasis ◽  
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

There is no systematic review that has identified existing studies evaluating the pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention for pain management in patients with bone metastasis. To fill this gap in the literature, this systematic review with meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of different antalgic therapies (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) in the improvement of pain of these patients. To this end, this protocol has been written according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020135762). A systematic search will be carried out in four international databases: Medline (Via PubMed), Web of Science, Cochrane Library and SCOPUS, to select the randomized controlled clinical trials. The Risk of Bias Tool developed by Cochrane will be used to assess the risk of bias and the quality of the identified studies. A narrative synthesis will be used to describe and compare the studies, and after the data extraction, random effects model and a subgroup analyses will be performed according to the type of intervention, if possible. This protocol aims to generate a systematic review that compiles and synthesizes the best and most recent evidence on the treatment of pain derived from vertebral metastasis.

Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
William M. Jackson ◽  
Nicholas Davis ◽  
Johanna Calderon ◽  
Jennifer J. Lee ◽  
Nicole Feirsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Context: People with CHD are at increased risk for executive functioning deficits. Meta-analyses of these measures in CHD patients compared to healthy controls have not been reported. Objective: To examine differences in executive functions in individuals with CHD compared to healthy controls. Data sources: We performed a systematic review of publications from 1 January, 1986 to 15 June, 2020 indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Study selection: Inclusion criteria were (1) studies containing at least one executive function measure; (2) participants were over the age of three. Data extraction: Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We used a shifting unit-of-analysis approach and pooled data using a random effects model. Results: The search yielded 61,217 results. Twenty-eight studies met criteria. A total of 7789 people with CHD were compared with 8187 healthy controls. We found the following standardised mean differences: −0.628 (−0.726, −0.531) for cognitive flexibility and set shifting, −0.469 (−0.606, −0.333) for inhibition, −0.369 (−0.466, −0.273) for working memory, −0.334 (−0.546, −0.121) for planning/problem solving, −0.361 (−0.576, −0.147) for summary measures, and −0.444 (−0.614, −0.274) for reporter-based measures (p < 0.001). Limitations: Our analysis consisted of cross-sectional and observational studies. We could not quantify the effect of collinearity. Conclusions: Individuals with CHD appear to have at least moderate deficits in executive functions. Given the growing population of people with CHD, more attention should be devoted to identifying executive dysfunction in this vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Risk of dementia in gout and hyperuricaemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e041680
Author(s):  
Shu-Yue Pan ◽  
Rui-Juan Cheng ◽  
Zi-Jing Xia ◽  
Qiu-Ping Zhang ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Eligibility Criteria

ObjectivesGout, characterised by hyperuricaemia with monosodium urate crystal formation and inflammation, is the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults. Recent studies have found that elevated uric acid levels are related to the occurrence of dementia. We conducted a study to investigate the association between dementia and gout or hyperuricaemia.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Data sourcesStudies were screened from inception to 28 June 2019 by searching Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases.Eligibility criteriaCohort studies comparing the risk of dementia in patients with gout and hyperuricaemia versus non-gout and non-hyperuricaemia controls were enrolled.Data extraction and analysisTwo reviewers separately selected studies and extracted data using the Medical Subject Headings without restriction on languages or countries. The adjusted HRs were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the stability of the results. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Quality assessment was performed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ResultsFour cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in our meta-analysis. We found that gout and hyperuricaemia did not increase the risk of dementia, with a pooled HR of 0.94 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.28), but might decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with a pooled HR of 0.78 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.95). There was little evidence of publication bias. Quality assessment of the included studies was high (range: 6–8 points).ConclusionsOur study shows that gout and hyperuricaemia do not increase the risk of dementia. However, gout and hyperuricaemia might have a protective effect against AD. Due to the limited number of research articles, more investigations are needed to demonstrate the potential relationship between dementia and gout or hyperuricaemia.

MO501INCREASED ALBUMINURIA RISK IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE PATIENTS WHOSE WHITE COAT-, MASKED-, AND SUSTAINED HYPERTENSION: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boby Pratama Putra ◽  
Felix Nugraha Putra
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Blood Pressure Measurement ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
White Coat ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
White Coat Hypertension ◽  
Masked Hypertension ◽  
Sustained Hypertension ◽  
Standard Mean Difference

Abstract Background and Aims Latest classification of hypertension based on ambulatory blood pressure measurement was normotension (NT), white coat hypertension (WCHT), masked hypertension (MHT), and sustained hypertension (SHT). Recent studies suggest that WCHT, MHT, and SHT increase risk of target organ damage, particularly albuminuria, although the results were still inconsistent. Albuminuria is not only the sign of early glomerular damage in CKD patients, but also the signs of hypertension progression and predictors for cardiovascular events mortality. This study aims to compare the albuminuria risk among NT and WCHT, MHT, also SHT in CKD patients. Method We searched the literature comprehensively in online databases of Pubmed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library to include all relevant studies using predefined terms until December 2020. We included studies that analyzed the albuminuria risk and compared the log2 urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) among NT and WCHT, MHT, or SHT in CKD patients. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Observational Study checklist for evaluating bias risks. Analysis of the studies was conducted to provide pooled Odds Ratio (OR) for albuminuria risk and standard mean difference (SMD) for log2 ACR comparison with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) with random-effect heterogeneity test. Results We included 7 observational studies met our inclusion criteria. WCHT increases albuminuria risk although not statistically significant (pooled OR = 1.72, 95%CI 0.97 to 3.07, p = 0.06, I2 = 75%), while MHT and SHT significantly increase albuminuria risk with pooled OR respectively 1.62 (95%CI 1.03 to 2.53, p = 0.04, I2 = 82%) and 3.17 (95%CI 1.66 to 6.05, p = 0.0005, I2 = 94%). Controlled hypertension significantly protects CKD patients against albuminuria risk based on log2 ACR comparison with WCHT (SMD = 0.52, 95%CI 0.38 to 0.67, p&lt;0.00001, I2 = 0%), MHT (SMD = 0.34, 95%CI 0.19 to 0.49, p&lt;0.0001, I2 = 39%), and SHT (SMD = 0.63, 95%CI 0.31 to 0.95, p=0.0001, I2 = 76%). Conclusion White coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and sustained hypertension increase albuminuria risks in CKD patients. However, further studies are needed to determine the causality.

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