scholarly journals Paper Versus Digital Data Collection Methods for Road Safety Observations: Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Cost, Timeliness, Reliability, and Results

10.2196/17129 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. e17129
Author(s):  
Niloufer Taber ◽  
Amber Mehmood ◽  
Perumal Vedagiri ◽  
Shivam Gupta ◽  
Rachel Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Logistic Regressions

Background Roadside observational studies play a fundamental role in designing evidence-informed strategies to address the pressing global health problem of road traffic injuries. Paper-based data collection has been the standard method for such studies, although digital methods are gaining popularity in all types of primary data collection. Objective This study aims to understand the reliability, productivity, and efficiency of paper vs digital data collection based on three different road user behaviors: helmet use, seatbelt use, and speeding. It also aims to understand the cost and time efficiency of each method and to evaluate potential trade-offs among reliability, productivity, and efficiency. Methods A total of 150 observational sessions were conducted simultaneously for each risk factor in Mumbai, India, across two rounds of data collection. We matched the simultaneous digital and paper observation periods by date, time, and location, and compared the reliability by subgroups and the productivity using Pearson correlations (r). We also conducted logistic regressions separately by method to understand how similar results of inferential analyses would be. The time to complete an observation and the time to obtain a complete dataset were also compared, as were the total costs in US dollars for fieldwork, data entry, management, and cleaning. Results Productivity was higher in paper than digital methods in each round for each risk factor. However, the sample sizes across both methods provided a precision of 0.7 percentage points or smaller. The gap between digital and paper data collection productivity narrowed across rounds, with correlations improving from r=0.27-0.49 to 0.89-0.96. Reliability in risk factor proportions was between 0.61 and 0.99, improving between the two rounds for each risk factor. The results of the logistic regressions were also largely comparable between the two methods. Differences in regression results were largely attributable to small sample sizes in some variable levels or random error in variables where the prevalence of the outcome was similar among variable levels. Although data collectors were able to complete an observation using paper more quickly, the digital dataset was available approximately 9 days sooner. Although fixed costs were higher for digital data collection, variable costs were much lower, resulting in a 7.73% (US $3011/38,947) lower overall cost. Conclusions Our study did not face trade-offs among time efficiency, cost efficiency, statistical reliability, and descriptive comparability when deciding between digital and paper, as digital data collection proved equivalent or superior on these domains in the context of our project. As trade-offs among cost, timeliness, and comparability—and the relative importance of each—could be unique to every data collection project, researchers should carefully consider the questionnaire complexity, target sample size, implementation plan, cost and logistical constraints, and geographical contexts when making the decision between digital and paper.

scholarly journals Paper Versus Digital Data Collection Methods for Road Safety Observations: Comparative Efficiency Analysis of Cost, Timeliness, Reliability, and Results (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloufer Taber ◽  
Amber Mehmood ◽  
Perumal Vedagiri ◽  
Shivam Gupta ◽  
Rachel Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Logistic Regressions

BACKGROUND Roadside observational studies play a fundamental role in designing evidence-informed strategies to address the pressing global health problem of road traffic injuries. Paper-based data collection has been the standard method for such studies, although digital methods are gaining popularity in all types of primary data collection. OBJECTIVE This study aims to understand the reliability, productivity, and efficiency of paper vs digital data collection based on three different road user behaviors: helmet use, seatbelt use, and speeding. It also aims to understand the cost and time efficiency of each method and to evaluate potential trade-offs among reliability, productivity, and efficiency. METHODS A total of 150 observational sessions were conducted simultaneously for each risk factor in Mumbai, India, across two rounds of data collection. We matched the simultaneous digital and paper observation periods by date, time, and location, and compared the reliability by subgroups and the productivity using Pearson correlations (r). We also conducted logistic regressions separately by method to understand how similar results of inferential analyses would be. The time to complete an observation and the time to obtain a complete dataset were also compared, as were the total costs in US dollars for fieldwork, data entry, management, and cleaning. RESULTS Productivity was higher in paper than digital methods in each round for each risk factor. However, the sample sizes across both methods provided a precision of 0.7 percentage points or smaller. The gap between digital and paper data collection productivity narrowed across rounds, with correlations improving from <i>r</i>=0.27-0.49 to 0.89-0.96. Reliability in risk factor proportions was between 0.61 and 0.99, improving between the two rounds for each risk factor. The results of the logistic regressions were also largely comparable between the two methods. Differences in regression results were largely attributable to small sample sizes in some variable levels or random error in variables where the prevalence of the outcome was similar among variable levels. Although data collectors were able to complete an observation using paper more quickly, the digital dataset was available approximately 9 days sooner. Although fixed costs were higher for digital data collection, variable costs were much lower, resulting in a 7.73% (US $3011/38,947) lower overall cost. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not face trade-offs among time efficiency, cost efficiency, statistical reliability, and descriptive comparability when deciding between digital and paper, as digital data collection proved equivalent or superior on these domains in the context of our project. As trade-offs among cost, timeliness, and comparability—and the relative importance of each—could be unique to every data collection project, researchers should carefully consider the questionnaire complexity, target sample size, implementation plan, cost and logistical constraints, and geographical contexts when making the decision between digital and paper.

Standard Descriptive Vocabulary and Archaeology Digital Data Collection

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Beebe
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Chau Hiix ◽  
Facet Analysis ◽  
Small Science

ABSTRACTArchaeology has embraced the shift to digital technology for collecting, analyzing, and sharing data. Digital repositories are now recognized as essential for data stewardship and are setting standards for data deposition. These new technologies and systems support the scientific need for reproducible results through intra-cultural as well as cross-cultural hypothesis testing. Methods of digital data collection in the field, however, are often site specific, restricted by the limited availability of digital technologies, or not well suited for creating systems that support the requirements of the new digital information paradigm. As a small science project, the Chau Hiix Project in Belize will provide examples of the pitfalls in and insights about shifting to digital technology to make its primary data shareable and reusable. These experiences suggest the need for an international collaborative agenda that develops digital data description standards based on controlled vocabulary, facet analysis, and crosswalks implemented at the analog point of collection.

PP268 Eliciting Meaningful Patient Preferences In Rare Diseases – Swing Weighting With Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Patients In The United States And China

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
Kevin Marsh ◽  
Nancy Zaour ◽  
Kerrie-Anne Ho ◽  
Ankit Joshi ◽  
Rachel Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Patient Preferences ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us

IntroductionReimbursement agencies are increasingly using patient preference data to evaluate health technologies. Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are commonly used to elicit patient preferences, but they require large sample sizes to obtain meaningful results. For this reason, it is often not possible to use DCE to elicit patient preferences in rare diseases. This study assessed a swing weighting method for eliciting preferences from a small sample: patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) in the United States (US) and China.MethodsAttributes and levels were selected based on a review of clinical studies and qualitative research on patients. Computer-assisted, interview-based swing weighting exercises were piloted in a focus group with five participants each from the US and China. Preferences were then elicited in interviews with twenty-five patients in the US and fifteen patients in China. Consistency tests were used to assess internal validity. Qualitative data were collected on the reasons for patients’ preferences.ResultsPreference consistency: The weights for one attribute were elicited twice. The difference between initial and consistency test weights was not statistically significant (p < 0.1), although this may partly reflect the small sample sizes. Trade-offs: Qualitative data were used to demonstrate the validity of interpreting participants’ ratings as trade-offs. Using the partial value function for end-stage renal disease as an example, qualitative data demonstrated that patients were able to provide face-valid reasons for different shaped, non-linear preference functions. Robustness of treatment evaluation: Three hypothetical treatment profiles (using the attribute swings) were constructed. Preferences for these treatment profiles were robust to variations in patients’ preferences; all patients preferred one specific profile. This finding was not sensitive to changes in weights.ConclusionsThis study supports the feasibility of collecting valid and robust preference data from small groups of patients using swing weighting. Further work could be done to test the performance of swing weighting in larger sample sizes.

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN PLN RAYON KEDIRI KOTA (STUDI KASUS PEMBAYARAN REKENING LISTRIK DI PLN RAYON KEDIRI KOTA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Septiyan Budi Santoso ◽  
Heribertus Budi Santoso ◽  
Ana Komari
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Customer Complaints ◽  
Work Area

This study aims to determine how high the level of customer satisfaction with the service of PLN Rayon Kediri Kota, to determine the quality of service to customer satisfaction PLN Rayon Kediri Kota, to determine the response of the PLN Kediri Kota in dealing with customer complaints. This research was conducted in the work area of PLN Rayon Kediri Kota. The research time was on March 18, 2017 to March 24, 2017. In writing this thesis, the author uses primary data collection techniques, namely by distributing questionnaires to PLN Rayon Kediri Kota customers who come to the payment counter. and PLN District Kediri City services. Based on the results of the research, the quality of service conducted by PLN District Kediri Kota is sufficient to satisfy its customers, as evidenced by the results of a questionnaire that has been conducted on 100 respondents of PLN Rayon Kediri City.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa tinggi tingkat kepuasan pelanggan terhadap pelayanan PLN Rayon Kediri Kota, Untuk mengetahui kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan PLN Rayon Kediri Kota, Untuk mengetahui respons pihak PLN Kediri Kota dalam menghadapi keluhan pelanggannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah kerja PLN Rayon Kediri Kota. Waktu penelitian pada tanggal 18 Maret 2017 sampai dengan 24 Maret 2017. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data primer yaitu dengan membagikan kuesioner terhadap pelanggan PLN Rayon Kediri Kota yang datang ke loket pembayaran dan pelayanan PLN Rayon Kediri Kota. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian kualitas pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh PLN Rayon Kediri Kota sudah cukup memuaskan pelanggannya terbukti dengan hasil kuesioner yang telah dilakukan terhadap 100 responden PLN Rayon Kediri Kota.

PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF TERUBUK FARMING (SACCHARUM EDULE HASSKARL) IN SUBDISTRICT TOSA DISTRICT OF EAST TIDORE OF TIDORE ISLAND

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwandi S. Sangadji
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Sample Method ◽  
Document Review ◽  
Revenue Production

The purpose of this researchment is to ascertain how wide the farming of species Saccharun Edule Hasskarl (terubuk) in sub district Tosa, district of East Tidore of Tidore Island through the indicator of the value revenue, production and selling prices so that the farmers will achieve The Break Event Point (BEP). The research method was used a quantitative method with the number of samples of 30 people. The determination of the sample method is using the census method or involving all members of the population into a sample of researchment. The secondary data collection was done by using library literature in the form of document review and relevant references to research object while primary data collection was done by using questionnaire. The data is using equation R /C Ratio, BEP Revenue, BEP Price, and BEP Production. Therefore from the results of the researchment it can be explained that the two of the thirty farmers come through the break event point, while the other twenty-eight farmers declared having a business that worth to be develop or experiencing profit, because the R/C ratio is above 1.0 with average profit reach Rp. 989.000, - per production / farmer.

No Evidence that Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth: Two Failures to Replicate Williams and Bargh (2008)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Chabris ◽  
Patrick Ryan Heck ◽  
Jaclyn Mandart ◽  
Daniel Jacob Benjamin ◽  
Daniel J. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Physical Warmth ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Interpersonal Warmth

Williams and Bargh (2008) reported that holding a hot cup of coffee caused participants to judge a person’s personality as warmer, and that holding a therapeutic heat pad caused participants to choose rewards for other people rather than for themselves. These experiments featured large effects (r = .28 and .31), small sample sizes (41 and 53 participants), and barely statistically significant results. We attempted to replicate both experiments in field settings with more than triple the sample sizes (128 and 177) and double-blind procedures, but found near-zero effects (r = –.03 and .02). In both cases, Bayesian analyses suggest there is substantially more evidence for the null hypothesis of no effect than for the original physical warmth priming hypothesis.

Life Cycle Development of Successful Women-owned Enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Mohammad Waliul Hasanat ◽  
Kamna Anum ◽  
Ashikul Hoque ◽  
Mahmud Hamid ◽  
Sandy Francis Peris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Theoretical Finding ◽  
Successful Women ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Life Cycle Development

In developing countries, the role of women in the business sector is continuously improving. As a result, female enterprises have also been encouraged in Pakistan. This study is based on life cycle development phases from which women-owned enterprises have to go through in order to become successful. As a primary data source, face-to-face interviews with owners of successful women-owned enterprises were preferred. The data collection process was divided into two phases i.e. Phase-I and Phase-II. After data collection, qualitative analysis has been performed using NVIVO. Findings provide both generic and specific factors involved in life cycle development of women-owned enterprises. This study provides a detailed view of life cycle development model followed by successful women enterprises. The outcome of this research work is a theoretical finding which can be utilized by entrepreneurs owning small scale enterprises to improve their level of performance. Findings can also be helpful for potentially talented women interested in setting up their own business.

PENGARUH HARGA DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN ALUMUNIUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widodo Widodo ◽  
Marshelly Chandra Kumala
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Quality Of Products

<em>The objective of this is research was conducted to find out how the influence of the price and quality of products against customer loyalty at PT. Alakasa Extrusindo Jakarta. This research was conducted in Alakasa Extrusindo PT by doing data collection, through the primary data and secondary data.  The research results showed that the simultaneous price variables  and product quality  has a positive and significant effect against the variable customer loyalty. partially showed that price variables has a positive and significant influence towards customer loyalty. And partially showed that product quality variables  has a positive and significant influence towards customer loyalty</em>

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