scholarly journals Paper Versus Digital Data Collection for Road Safety Risk Factors: Reliability Comparative Analysis From Three Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

10.2196/13222 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. e13222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Mehmood ◽  
Niloufer Taber ◽  
Abdulgafoor M Bachani ◽  
Shivam Gupta ◽  
Nino Paichadze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Paper Versus Digital Data Collection for Road Safety Risk Factors: Reliability Comparative Analysis From Three Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Mehmood ◽  
Niloufer Taber ◽  
Abdulgafoor M Bachani ◽  
Shivam Gupta ◽  
Nino Paichadze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Seat Belt Use ◽  
Collection Methods

BACKGROUND Rapid advances in mobile technologies and applications and the continued growth in digital network coverage have the potential to transform data collection in low- and middle-income countries. A common perception is that digital data collection (DDC) is faster and quickly adaptable. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test whether DDC is faster and more adaptable in a roadside environment. We conducted a reliability study comparing digital versus paper data collection in 3 cities in Ghana, Vietnam, and Indonesia observing road safety risk factors in real time. METHODS Roadside observation of helmet use among motorcycle passengers, seat belt use among 4-wheeler passengers, and speeding was conducted in Accra, Ghana; Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam; and Bandung, Indonesia. Two independent data collection teams were deployed to the same sites on the same dates and times, one using a paper-based data collection tool and the other using a digital tool. All research assistants were trained on paper-based data collection and DDC. A head-to-head analysis was conducted to compare the volume of observations, as well as the prevalence of each risk factor. Correlations (r) for continuous variables and kappa for categorical variables are reported with their level of statistical significance. RESULTS In Accra, there were 119 observation periods (90-min each) identical by date, time, and location during the helmet and seat belt use risk factor data collection and 118 identical periods observing speeding prevalence. In Bandung, there were 150 observation periods common to digital and paper data collection methods, whereas in HCMC, there were 77 matching observation periods for helmet use, 82 for seat belt use, and 84 for speeding. Data collectors using paper tools were more productive than their DDC counterparts during the study. The highest mean volume per session was recorded for speeding, with Bandung recording over 1000 vehicles on paper (paper: mean 1092 [SD 435]; digital: mean 807 [SD 261]); whereas the lowest volume per session was from HCMC for seat belts (paper: mean 52 [SD 28]; digital: mean 62 [SD 30]). Accra and Bandung showed good-to-high correlation for all 3 risk factors (r=0.52 to 0.96), with higher reliability in speeding and helmet use over seat belt use; HCMC showed high reliability for speeding (r=0.99) but lower reliability for helmet and seat belt use (r=0.08 to 0.32). The reported prevalence of risk factors was comparable in all cities regardless of the data collection method. CONCLUSIONS DDC was convenient and reliable during roadside observational data collection. There was some site-related variability in implementing DDC methods, and generally the productivity was higher using the more familiar paper-based method. Even with low correlations between digital and paper data collection methods, the overall reported population prevalence was similar for all risk factors.

scholarly journals Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe ◽  
A. Olalekan Uthman ◽  
Latifat Ibisomi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Contextual Risk ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractSeveral studies have documented the burden and risk factors associated with diarrhoea in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). To the best of our knowledge, the contextual and compositional factors associated with diarrhoea across LMIC were poorly operationalized, explored and understood in these studies. We investigated multilevel risk factors associated with diarrhoea among under-five children in LMIC. We analysed diarrhoea-related information of 796,150 under-five children (Level 1) nested within 63,378 neighbourhoods (Level 2) from 57 LMIC (Level 3) using the latest data from cross-sectional and nationally representative Demographic Health Survey conducted between 2010 and 2018. We used multivariable hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models for data analysis. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea was 14.4% (95% confidence interval 14.2–14.7) ranging from 3.8% in Armenia to 31.4% in Yemen. The odds of diarrhoea was highest among male children, infants, having small birth weights, households in poorer wealth quintiles, children whose mothers had only primary education, and children who had no access to media. Children from neighbourhoods with high illiteracy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.07, 95% credible interval (CrI) 1.04–1.10] rates were more likely to have diarrhoea. At the country-level, the odds of diarrhoea nearly doubled (aOR = 1.88, 95% CrI 1.23–2.83) and tripled (aOR = 2.66, 95% CrI 1.65–3.89) among children from countries with middle and lowest human development index respectively. Diarrhoea remains a major health challenge among under-five children in most LMIC. We identified diverse individual-level, community-level and national-level factors associated with the development of diarrhoea among under-five children in these countries and disentangled the associated contextual risk factors from the compositional risk factors. Our findings underscore the need to revitalize existing policies on child and maternal health and implement interventions to prevent diarrhoea at the individual-, community- and societal-levels. The current study showed how the drive to the attainment of SDGs 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 will enhance the attainment of SDG 3.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 infection in Low and Middle-Income Countries and risk classification in the context of rolling out vaccine candidate across these countries : Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ackah ◽  
Louise Ameyaw ◽  
Kwadwo Owusu Akuffo ◽  
Cynthia Osei Yeboah ◽  
Nana Esi Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Research Database ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Seroprevalence of SARS Cov-2 provides a good indication of the extent of exposure and spread in the population, as well as those likely to benefit from a vaccine candidate. To date, there is no published or ongoing systematic review on the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This systematic review and meta-analysis will estimate SARS Cov-2 seroprevalence and the risk factors for SARS Cov-2 infection in LMICs.Methods We will search PubMed, EMBASE, WHO COVID-19 Global research database, Google Scholar, the African Journals Online, LILAC, HINARI, medRxiv, bioRxiv and Cochrane Library for potentially useful studies on seroprevalence of COVID-19 in LMICs from December 2019 to December 2020 without language restriction. Two authors will independently screen all the articles, select studies based on pre-specified eligibility criteria and extract data using a pre-tested data extraction form. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion between the authors. The pooled seroprevalence of SARS CoV-2 for people from LMICs will be calculated. Random effects model will be used in case of substantial heterogeneity in the included studies, otherwise fixed-effect model will be used. A planned subgroup, sensitivity and meta-regression analyses will be performed. For comparative studies, the analyses will be performed using Review Manager v 5.4; otherwise, STATA 16 will be used. All effect estimates will be presented with their confidence intervals.Discussion The study will explore and systematically review empirical evidence on SARS Cov-2 seroprevalence in LMICs, and to assess the risk factors for SARS Cov-2 infection in Low Middle Income Countries in the context of rolling out vaccines in these countries. Finally, explore risk classifications to help with the rolling out of vaccines in LMICs.Systematic review registration: The protocol for this review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD422020221548).

Abstract WP280: Barriers to the Early Management of Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack in Low and Middle Income Countries

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda J Teixeira ◽  
Bernardo C Portal ◽  
Gustavo H Tomasi ◽  
Paula C Gasperin ◽  
Viviane M Vedana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Early Management ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Background: Although much progress has been made in the acute ischemic stroke care in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), there is a paucity of specific data on the early management of TIA patients. Patients with TIA present a substantial risk of stroke during the first few hours of symptom onset, when secondary prevention therapies should be urgently initiated. Therefore, hospital admission may offer some advantages for early management. Our aim was to evaluate the benefit of hospital admission of TIA patients in a LMIC. Methods: All TIA patients who arrived at our emergency room (ER) between March 2015 to March 2016 were admitted to the hospital. All patients were submitted to the following diagnostic protocol: brain imaging, intra and extracranial vascular imaging, echocardiography (TT and or TEE) and ECG. Baseline, imaging characteristics and early outcome were analyzed. Results: Among 845 consecutive stroke patients evaluated at our ER, 12.8% were diagnosed as TIA. Although vascular risk factors and presentation with weakness or speech disturbances were frequent findings among our TIA patients, only 1 in 5 patients (17.4%) required specific treatment (anticoagulation or carotid revascularization). In addition, half of our patients were classified as cryptogenic TIA. The average length of stay was 7.03 and there were no in-hospital stroke or death. We did not detect significant differences in demographics, risk factors and imaging features between patients that received standard vs. specific treatment. Conclusions: Many TIA patients with mild symptoms may not have reached our ER and among those who were evaluated some may not have required hospital admission. Clustering of risk factors among TIA patients may not be a variable helpful to identify high-risk patients in LMIC. A 24/7 emergency TIA clinic may be an option to improve urgent treatment and reduce acute care cost.

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