scholarly journals THE DETERMINATION OF THE SURFACE ADHESION RESISTANCE AND PENDULUM HARDNESS ON THE PARQUETS APPLIED UV VARNISH AS SINGLE AND DOUBLE LAYERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ümit AYATA ◽  
Vedat ÇAVUŞ
Keyword(s):  
Double Layers ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Pendulum Hardness

scholarly journals How to measure and report the capacity of electrochemical double layers, supercapacitors, and their electrode materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 3215-3230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuru Ge ◽  
Xuan Xie ◽  
Jessica Roscher ◽  
Rudolf Holze ◽  
Qunting Qu
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Charge Storage ◽  
Redox Processes ◽  
Solution Interface ◽  
Interfacial Capacitance ◽  
Electrochemical Double Layer ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Abstract Relevant fundamentals of the electrochemical double layer and supercapacitors utilizing the interfacial capacitance as well as superficial redox processes at the electrode/solution interface are briefly reviewed. Experimental methods for the determination of the capacity of electrochemical double layers, of charge storage electrode materials for supercapacitors, and of supercapacitors are discussed and compared. Intrinsic limitations and pitfalls are indicated; popular errors, misconceptions, and mistakes are evaluated. The suitability of available methods is discussed, and practical recommendations are provided.

scholarly journals Milling of Complex Surfaces of EN 10060 Steel after HVOF Sprayed NiCrBSi Coatings

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Valíček ◽  
Marta Harničárová ◽  
Jan Řehoř ◽  
Milena Kušnerová ◽  
Jaroslava Fulemová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Spherical Surface ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cutting Parameters ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Complex Surfaces ◽  
Optimal Cutting Parameters ◽  
Spraying Process ◽  
Nicrbsi Coatings

The high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying process was used to investigate and improve the surface properties of a workpiece. The research was focused on the spherical surface of a workpiece made of high-strength steel, a ball and socket assembly. After spraying with a nickel alloy, the surface was machined by milling. The coating was carried out as a process in which a very thin layer of coating of the required thickness and the required specific properties, i.e., high Vickers hardness, adhesion to the surface, wear resistance and other important characteristics, which must be respected in other machining methods, was applied to the already finished, heat-prepared metal substrate. This article deals with the milling of complex surfaces of steel substrate EN 10060 after spraying with NiCrBSi alloy. After spraying, a total of 15 milling experiments were performed in order to determine precisely the optimal cutting parameters of milling and surface adhesion, based on newly acquired prediction relations. The main presented results are new relations for the determination of optimal technological milling conditions based on the identification of adhesive sections using derived equations. The new relations were verified and also compared with the current literature in the field.

Determination of Adsorption in Double Layers involving Solid Metals

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 186 (4721) ◽  
pp. 305-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIK A. BLOMGREN ◽  
JOHN O'M. BOCKRIS
Keyword(s):  
Double Layers

On the Development of Mathematical Analysis and Its Relations to some other Sciences

1905 ◽  
Vol 3 (53) ◽  
pp. 217-228
Author(s):  
Emile Picard
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Closed Surface ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Abelian Integrals ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
Physical Form

Without restricting ourselves to the historical order, let us resume the development of mathematical physics in the last century, in so far as analysis is concerned. The problems of thermal equilibrium lead to the equation already known to Laplace in the study of attraction. There are few equations which have been the object of so many researches as this celebrated one. The conditions for the limits may assume various forms. The simplest case is that of the thermal equilibrium of a body, the elements of the surface of which are maintained at given temperatures. From the physical point of view, it may be regarded as evident that the temperature, assumed continuous in the interior since there is no source of heat, is determined when it is given at the surface. The more general case is that in which, the condition remaining permanent, there would be a radiation outward with an intensity • varying at the surface according to a given law ; in particular the temperature may be given over one portion, while there is radiation over the remainder. These questions, which are not yet solved in their widest generality, have largely contributed to the direction taken by the theory of partial differential equations. They have called attention to types of determination of the integrals which would never have presented themselves if we had been restricted to a purely abstract point of view. Laplace’s equation has been already met with in hydrodynamics, and in the study of attraction varying inversely as the square of the distance. The latter theory brought to light elements of the most essential nature, such as the potential of single and double layers. Here we meet with analytical combinations of the highest importance, which have since been notably generalised. Green’s formula is a case in point. The fundamental problems of electrostatics are of the same order of ideas, and certainly the celebrated theorem on electrical phenomena in the interior of a hollow conductor, which Faraday rediscovered at a later stage by experimental means, knowing nothing whatever of Green’s memoir, was a notable triumph for theory. This magnificent aggregate has remained the type of the classical theories of mathematical physics, which seem to us to have almost attained perfection, and which have exercised, and still exercise, so happy an influence on the progress of pure analysis by suggesting to it the most beautiful problems. The theory of functions again will afford us a notable comparison. The analytical transformations brought into play are not distinct from those we have met with in the steady movement of heat. Certain fundamental problems in the theory of functions of a complex variable have lost their abstract enunciation and assumed a physical form, as in the case of the distribution of temperature on a closed surface of any connectivity whatever and without radiation, in thermal equilibrium, with two sources of heat which necessarily correspond to equal and opposite flows. Interpreting this, we find a question on Abelian integrals of the third species in the theory of algebraical curves.

scholarly journals II. On the potential of ellipsoidal bodies, and figures of equilibrium of rotating liquid masses

1915 ◽  
Vol 215 (523-537) ◽  
pp. 27-78 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Problem ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Homogeneous Body ◽  
Rotating Liquid ◽  
Figures Of Equilibrium ◽  
Ingenious Method

By an ellipsoidal body is meant, in the present paper, any homogeneous body which can be arrived at by continuous distortion of an ellipsoid. If ƒ 0 = 0 is the equation of the ellipsoid from which we start, and e is a parameter, the distortion of the ellipsoid may be supposed to proceed by e increasing from the value e = 0 upwards, and the final figure may be taken to be ƒ 0 + e ƒ 1 + e 2 ƒ 2 + e 3 ƒ 3 + ... = 0. For very small distortions the first two terms will adequately represent the distorted figure, and as we pass to higher orders the remaining terms will enter successively. The potential problem, to some extent interesting in itself, derives its chief importance from its application to the determination of the possible figures of equilibrium of a rotating mass of liquid. Poincaré, using his ingenious method of double layers, has shown how the potential of an ellipsoidal body can be carried as far as the second-order terms when the distortion is small, but gives no indication of how it is possible to carry it further, and indeed his method is one which hardly seems susceptible of being developed further than he himself has developed it. It is clear, however, that progress with the problem of rotating liquids can only be made when a method is available for writing down the potential of an ellipsoidal body distorted as far as we please. I believe the method explained in the present paper will be found capable of giving the potential of a body distorted to any extent, although (for reasons which will be explained later) I have not in the present paper carried the calculations further than second-order terms.

Determination of Atomic Positions in SiC 4H Using Quantitative Convergent Beam Refinements

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1051-1052
Author(s):  
R. Holmestad ◽  
J.-P. Morniroli ◽  
J.M. Zuo ◽  
J.C.H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Synthesized Materials

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a widely used ceramic material, with many structural and electronic applications. It exists in many polytypes, differing from one another only by the stacking sequence of close packed double layers of Si and C atoms. The polytype called 4H has the hexagonal structure shown in figure 1. The double layers here have a stacking sequence of ABACABAC.. The distance z between the Si and the C layers (shown in figure 1) is an adjustable parameter, which is not exactly known. The aim of this work is to determine the atomic positions in the c-direction by quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED). The goal is to develop a general refinement approach for structure determination by electron diffraction. Many newly synthesized materials are available in only very small quantities in the single crystal form and/or mixed with other phases, making X-ray diffraction methods difficult. SiC is often full of stacking faults. For these types of materials, the CBED method is ideal because of the small probe that can be used; areas of less than 100 Å can be studied.

Adhesion of C. Elegans to Agar Surfaces

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Adams ◽  
Roger Mailler ◽  
Michael W. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Adhesion Energy ◽  
Surface Adhesion ◽  
Important Species ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Small Load

The surface adhesion between C. elegans and the agar plates on which they are commonly grown has yet to be accurately quantified. C. elegans are a scientifically important species of nematode whose simple structure allowed the first mapping of the complete nervous system in a multicellular organism. One of the current topics of research in the C. elegans community is the investigation of neuronal function in locomotion. Models of locomotion are used in these studies to aid in determination of the functions of specific neurons involved in locomotion. The adhesion force plays a critical role in developing these models. This paper presents the experimental determination of the adhesion energy of a representative sample of C. elegans. Adhesion energy was determined by a direct pull-off technique. In this approach, nematodes are anesthetized to prevent movement and secured to a small load cell before an agar plate is slowly brought into contact with the specimen and then removed. The maximum tensile force is then fit to a JKR-type adhesion model, which assumes that the nematode is a cylinder in order to determine the adhesion energy. Repeated adhesions are also investigated to determine the importance of drying on the measured adhesion force.

scholarly journals On the Role of Double Layers in Astrophysical Plasmas

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Robert A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Astrophysical Plasmas ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Global Circuit ◽  
Kinetic Boundary

Limitations of current knowledge of plasma double layers create difficulties in extrapolating double-layer concepts for application to astrophysical models. Some problems of this sort are described, and some central issues in structure and dynamics of double layers are identified, which must be addressed in astrophysical contexts. These include the determination of kinetic boundary conditions, and the relations of time and length scales of local dynamics and structure to those of the global circuit in which the double layer is contained.

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