Design and Development of Fertilizer Metering System for Tractor drawn Liquid Fertilizer Applicator

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
PREM K SUNDARAM ◽  
INDRA MANI ◽  
SATISH D LANDE ◽  
ROAF A PARRAY ◽  
TAPAN K KHURA
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Discharge Pattern ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

A pressurized fertilizer metering system was developed for Tractor drawn Liquid Fertilizer Applicator. The liquid fertilizer metering system constituted a pump, control valve and a distributor unit. A circular distributer with an inner and outer diameter of 52 mm and 72 mm, respectively and a thickness of 10 mm was fabricated. Nine holes, each of 8 mm size were drilled around the periphery of the distributor at a spacing of 10 mm for connecting delivery pipes. A setup was fabricated to measure the discharge pattern and discharge uniformity among delivery pipes. The distribution uniformity was in the range of 96.7 to 99.1 %, 96.7 to 99.5 % and 92.8 to 99.1 %at pressure levels of 0, 1 and 2 kg/cm2, respectively at different pump speeds. The pumping system used for metering liquid fertilizer was capable of giving a flow rate variation of 0.74 l min-1 to 2.85l min-1 for different pump rpm

scholarly journals HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF DRIP LATERALS WITH INSIDE WELDED PRESSURE COMPENSATING DRIPPERS

2019 ◽  
pp. 575-580
Author(s):  
Dimitar Georgiev ◽  
Veselin Karasinkerov
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Elastic Membrane ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Engineering Project ◽  
Head Losses ◽  
Horizontal Part ◽  
Distribution Uniformity ◽  
Inner Diameter

Lately, the drip irrigation systems built with pressure compensating (PC) drippers (emitters) inside welded in the drip laterals, find more and more application in Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece and other countries having well-developed irrigation-based agriculture, especially where the ground is not flat but rather is of hilly nature. The main advantage of these systems is the provision of uniform flow rate along the laterals and batteries (blocks) in the whole drip systems irrespectively of the alteration of the operating pressure, and, besides, this allows long laterals to be designed. The recommended operating pressure starts from 0.5 – 1.0 atm and reaches 4 – 5 atm. Reaching equal drip flow rate in these systems is realized thanks to an elastic membrane with fixed strength parameters, located at the outlet of the nozzles in a specially arranged bed (nest) for this purpose. The advertisement of the applications of those nozzles in the company catalogs is very intensive but is it true for all types of pressure compensating drippers? In laboratory conditions we carried out hydraulic tests of drip laterals with inside welded pressure compensating drippers, cylinder type, in order to find out the head losses along the drip lateral. The laterals were with a nominal outer diameter 16 mm, inner diameter 13.8 mm, thickness of the wall 1.1 mm and flow rate 2.1 l/h, at intervals of 33 cm between the drippers, with lengths 60, 80 and 100 m. The results showed considerable head losses, with great deviations from the ones obtained by analytic way through formulas. For example, in a 100 m long lateral, the losses reach 60 to 75% of the applied operating pressure at the beginning of the lateral. Some specific data from the tests – in case of inlet pressure of 18, 20 and 25 m, the head losses are respectively 12, 14 and 17 m which means that in case of flat ground and such with back slope it is almost impossible to realize a length of 100 m and more of the lateral. All drippers will not operate at the horizontal part of the curve “pressure-flow rate” but at the transitional part of this curve. It follows from this that irrespectively of the pressure compensating action of those nozzles, this type of laterals will hardly find application in real conditions in the design of an engineering project for drip irrigation respecting the admissible coefficients of the distribution uniformity of the irrigation water. The same is valid for the other tested laterals as well. Sometimes, laying conventional type of laterals is more appropriate and brings better results. All this is due to the considerable minor head losses in those nozzles because of the sizable constriction of the cross section of the laterals by the nest (bed) of the membrane.

scholarly journals Pressure compensating microsprinklers using microtube as a flow controller

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Alexsandro C. dos Santos Almeida ◽  
Ceres D. G. C. de Almeida ◽  
Tarlei A. Botrel ◽  
José A. Frizzone
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Pressure Variation ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Flow Uniformity ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Distribution Uniformity

ABSTRACT Microsprinkler non-pressure compensating nozzles usually show water flow variation along the lateral line. This study aimed at adapting microtubes into non-compensating system of microsprinklers previous installed in the field, as a self-compensated nozzle, to improve the flow uniformity along the lateral line. Microtubes were adapted to three types of commercial microsprinklers. Tests were conducted, both in the laboratory and in field, to evaluate the microsprinkler performance at four different flows (40, 50, 60 and 70 L h-1) under pressure head range from 75 to 245 kPa. Nozzles presented coefficient of flow-rate variation (CVq) lower than 5.5% and distribution uniformity (DU) greater than 95%, which are classified as excellent. The original spatial water distribution of the microsprinkler did not change by using microtube as a nozzle. This device adapted to non-pressure compensating microsprinklers are functional and operate effectively with flows ranging up to 70 L h-1. Small variations at microsprinkler flows along the lateral line can occur, however, at random manner, which is common for pressure-compensating nozzles. Therefore, the microtube technique is able to control pressure variation in microsprinklers.

The Design and Development of an Electrically Operated Fuel Control Valve for Industrial Gas Turbines

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Salsi ◽  
F. S. Bhinder
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Industrial gas turbines operate over a wide range of combinations of loads and speeds. The fuel control valve must be designed to cover the entire range precisely. The design of an electrically operated fuel control valve is described and comparison between the predicted and measured performance characteristics is shown.

scholarly journals Cast Iron Cooling Rate Variation Using Cooling Channels: A Numerical Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Olumide Adewole Towoju
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Cooling Curve ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Cooling Fluid ◽  
Cooling Channels ◽  
The Impact

The cooling rate of molten cast iron can make or mar it. The cooling rate plays a significant role in the resulting mechanical properties of cast iron. It determines the grain growth and size. The mechanical properties of cast iron variation along its length are achieved either with the use of different mold materials or by sectioning to ensure varied cooling rates. Mechanical properties can, however, also be varied along its length without any of these adopted methods by the incorporation of cooling channels in the mould. This study seeks to expand the frontier of this concept with the use of different cooling fluids and fluid flow rate, and numerically investigate the impact on the cooling rate of gray cast iron (class 40). The cooling curve for the cast iron was impacted by the use of different cooling fluids with the attainment of the desired mechanical properties with the selection of an appropriate cooling fluid. Also, the flow rate of the cooling fluid has an impact on the cast iron cooling rate.

Theory of Self-Excited Coupled-Mode Vibration of Tainter Gates

2017 ◽  
pp. 463-497
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Nodal Line ◽  
The Self ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Body Rotation ◽  
Coupled Mode ◽  
Bending Mode ◽  
Mode Vibration ◽  
Vibration Mechanism

In general, any mechanism that produces an unbalanced moment may also serve to initiate a rigid body rotation of a Tainter gate about the trunnion pin. From the modal analysis testing on an intact Folsom Dam Tainter gate, and an understanding of the concepts of flow-rate variation pressure and push-and-draw pressure presented in Chapters 4 and 5, respectively, a conceptual model of the vibration mechanism can be formulated. The whole gate rotation induces a flow-rate variation pressure and a coupled inertia torque on the skinplate, as presented in Chapter 4. Both the flow-rate-variation pressure and the inertia torque excite the skinplate to rotate in a bending mode shape about a horizontal nodal line. In the present chapter we will develop the theory behind such an instability mechanism, called the self-excited coupled-mode instability, culminating in the graphical representation of the Folsom Dam gate instability in terms of a dynamic stability criterion diagram under the conditions at which failure occurred.

scholarly journals An Investigation of the Basic Physics of Irrigation in Urology and the Role of Automated Pump Irrigation in Cystoscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne Chang ◽  
Rustom P. Manecksha ◽  
Konstantinos Syrrakos ◽  
Nathan Lawrentschuk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Solution ◽  
Bladder Fullness

Objective. To investigate the effects of height, external pressure, and bladder fullness on the flow rate in continuous, non-continuous cystoscopy and the automated irrigation fluid pumping system (AIFPS).Materials. Each experiment had two 2-litre 0.9% saline bags connected to a continuous, non-continuous cystoscope or AIFPS via irrigation tubing. Other equipment included height-adjustable drip poles, uroflowmetry devices, and model bladders.Methods. In Experiment 1, saline bags were elevated to measure the increment in flow rate. In Experiment 2, saline bags were placed under external pressures to evaluate the effect on flow rate. In Experiment 3, flow rate changes in response to variable bladder fullness were measured.Results. Elevating saline bags caused an increase in flow rates, however the increment slowed down beyond a height of 80 cm. Increase in external pressure on saline bags elevated flow rates, but inconsistently. A fuller bladder led to a decrease in flow rates. In all experiments, the AIFPS posted consistent flow rates.Conclusions. Traditional irrigation systems were susceptible to changes in height of irrigation solution, external pressure application, and bladder fullness thus creating inconsistent flow rates. The AIFPS produced consistent flow rates and was not affected by any of the factors investigated in the study.

Development of Low-Cost Wearable Servo Valve Using Buckled Tube Driven by Servo Motor

2013 ◽  
Vol 393 ◽  
pp. 532-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Nasir ◽  
Tetsuya Akagi ◽  
Shujiro Dohta ◽  
Ayumu Ono ◽  
Yusuke Masago
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Artificial Muscle ◽  
Pneumatic Actuators ◽  
Servo Valve ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Care Systems

Recently, power assisted nursing care systems have received much attention and those researches have been done actively. In such a control system, an actuator and a control valve are mounted on the human body. Designing the system, the size and weight of the valve become serious concerns. The purpose of our study is to develop a small-sized, lightweight and low-cost servo valve for precise control using wearable pneumatic actuators. In this study, a low-cost wearable servo valve that can control the output flow rate by changing the twisted angle of the buckled tube in the servo valve is proposed and tested. The position control system of McKibben rubber artificial muscle using tested valve and embedded controller is also proposed and tested. As a result, we confirmed that the tested servo valve can control the flow rate in both supply and exhaust in an analog way. In addition, the estimated cost of the proposed valve can be reduced about 100 times cheaper (10 US Dollar) compared with the typical servo valve.

Dynamic Simulation of the Boron Isotopes Separation by Chemical Exchange Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 442 ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Cui ◽  
Wei Jiang Zhang ◽  
Feng Hai Miao
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Chemical Exchange ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Abundance Ratio ◽  
Enrichment Ratio ◽  
Boron Isotopes ◽  
Rate Variation ◽  
Feed Flow Rate ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Isotopes Separation

Abstract The enrichment ratio of 10B in the top and bottom component with the dynamic change of feed fluctuation and periodic wave on the separation process of the boron isotopes separation by chemical exchange method had been studied and a dynamic model was set up. The results indicate that when the feed amount is in the column load limit, the dynamic responses of top and bottom separation plate match well with the condition when feed flow rate is invariable. While when the exchange column is overloaded, the feed flow rate variation influences 10B abundance ratio greatly. With the increasing of the fluctuation period, the longer the wave period, the bigger the amplitude around the average line in top product. However, big increase of feed fluctuation will reduce the 10B abundance ratio of bottom product.

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