Loss and Mourning in the Jewish Tradition

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Shimshon Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
First Year ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
Continuing Bond ◽  
Time Cycle ◽  
Loss Experience ◽  
Psychological Organization

Robert Kastenbaum was a man who helped reintroduce issues related to death, dying, and bereavement to academic, clinical, and general discourse. This article, devoted to an encounter with the observance of mourning custom and ritual in the Jewish tradition, continues the dialogue in this journal that Bob founded. The article utilizes the Two-Track Model of Bereavement to address the Jewish tradition's structuring of the loss experience. After a brief introduction, I present a schematic presentation of some of the issues operant in grief and mourning for the believer. This is followed by two responses to loss that portray the pain of loss in the tradition. The article goes on to consider the Jewish time cycle of response to loss—from preburial Aninut, to Shiva, the first week, to Shloshim, the first month, to Shanah, the first year, to the expectations for encounters across the life cycle. The Yizkor and Kaddish are also considered. In the Jewish tradition, alongside attention to what level of functioning to require of the bereaved, there are lifelong opportunities to rework and maintain connection to the memories, associations, narratives, and experiences that comprise the psychological organization of the continuing bond and relationship to the deceased.

scholarly journals Caterpillars of the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia can extend their life-cycle in Scotland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil O. M. Ravenscroft
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
First Year ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Euphydryas Aurinia ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Marsh Fritillary

AbstractThe marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia is declining across Europe and is of high conservation interest. Its ecology has been defined and its conservation status assessed primarily from the affinities and populations of young caterpillars in the autumn, before hibernation and high winter mortality. The possibility that caterpillars of E. aurinia can overwinter more than once was investigated on the Isle of Islay, Scotland after caterpillars were found to occur at some locations in the spring despite a pre-hibernation absence. Closely-related species in North America and Northern Europe can prolong larval development by diapausing for a year as does E. aurinia in Scandinavia. Measurements of development and manipulations of distribution confirmed that some caterpillars do extend the life-cycle in Scotland and may occur in areas devoid of larvae in their first year. Caterpillars attempting this life-cycle develop slowly in spring, attain the normal penultimate spring instar and then enter diapause while other caterpillars are pupating. They moult just before diapause, construct highly cryptic webs and on emergence the following spring are 5–6 times heavier than larvae emerging in their first spring, or the equivalent of a month or so ahead. They attain a final, extra instar as larvae in their first spring reach the penultimate instar. Knowledge of this life-cycle is confined in the UK to Islay but its occurrence in this mild climate implies that it is more widespread.Implications for insect conservation Conditions that permit long diapause are probably precise and may not be reflected in recognised qualities of habitat. The species may also be present despite a perceived absence in autumn, the standard period for monitoring. Assessments of the prevalence of the life-cycle and its contribution to the persistence of E. aurinia are required. Populations of E. aurinia are known to fluctuate greatly and do occur below the observation threshold for long periods.

First-Year Students' Environmental Awareness and Understanding of Environmental Sustainability Through a Life Cycle Assessment Module

2014 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole R. Weber ◽  
Johannes Strobel ◽  
Melissa A. Dyehouse ◽  
Constance Harris ◽  
Ray David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Environmental Awareness ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Students

scholarly journals Vernalisation mediated LncRNA-like gene expression in Beta vulgaris

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiguo Liang ◽  
Dayou Cheng ◽  
Jie Cui ◽  
Cuihong Dai ◽  
Chengfei Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
First Year ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms ◽  
First Time

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cannot form reproductive shoots during the first year of their life cycle. Flowering only occurs if plants are vernalised and are subsequently exposed to long days. However, the vernalisation mechanism remains poorly understood in sugar beet. Three putative lncRNAs associated with vernalisation (AGL15X1, AGL15X2 and CAULIFLOWER A) were investigated and the hypothesis that their expression occurred in response to vernalisation was experimentally tested. The regulation mechanisms of BvRAV1-like, lncRNA-like genes, BvFT1 and BvFT2 were also examined. The BvRAV1-like gene associated with vernalisation in sugar beet was validated for the first time. Our data confirmed the hypothesis that AGLX2 was the first candidate lncRNA of sugar beet and the BvRAV1-like gene was expressed in response to vernalisation. BvRAV1-like and AGLX2 genes might be coordinated with BvFT2 to promote reproductive growth by repressing BvFT1 during cold exposure followed by long day conditions. A new complementary flowering model of sugar beet was proposed. Our findings opened up new possibility for future studies and further illuminated the molecular mechanism of vernalisation in sugar beet.

scholarly journals The Life Cycle of a Gorgonian: Eunicella Singularis (Esper, 1794)

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Weinberg ◽  
Francisca Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Larval Behaviour ◽  
Current Action ◽  
Paramuricea Clavata ◽  
Primary Polyp ◽  
Living Tissues

The life cycle of the gorgonian Eunicella singularis has been studied with emphasis on larval behaviour, metamorphosis and annual growth. Planulae are found to have a mobile phase lasting from several hours to several days. Once settled, they metamorphose into a complete primary polyp in approximately four days. In the first year, budding will yield colonies of a height between 10 and 30 mm. Subsequently, average growth rates range from 14 to 33 mm year-1. Death may be due to several causes. Predators may partly denude the gorgonian branches, thus facilitating the settlement of epibionts, which in turn may invade the entire skeleton, slowly pushing back the living tissue of the gorgonian. Colonies may also be torn off their substratum by wave or current action, this process sometimes being speeded up when tall epibionts such as fast growing bryozoans enhance resistance to water movement. Once toppled, the gorgonians die by necrosis of their living tissues, or by being buried under sediment. Colonies of E. singularis are estimated to reach an age of approximately 25 to 30 years. Some data have been obtained on growth rates and life spans of two other Mediterranean gorgonians, Lophogorgia ceratophyta and Paramuricea clavata.

Phenology, behavior, and host-relations of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles in outdoor "rodentaria," and in nature

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
First Year ◽  
Marmota Flaviventris ◽  
New Information ◽  
Approximate Order ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Artificial tick foci or "rodentaria", infested with ovipositing females or larvae, have furnished new information on D. andersoni biology, and a means of mass production of adults for acaricide and other tests. Both a 1-year and a 2-year life cycle were observed, depending on the date the larvae emerged or were put out. Each year, adult ticks wandered near the soil surface in the fall but did not seek hosts or climb up to questing positions until spring. A tendency for the adult ticks to congregate southwards of the point of dropping of the engorged nymphs was discernible.In a large-scale rodentarium involving 24 runways, with four replicates of each of six species of rodents, by far the largest number of adult ticks was produced by Marmota flaviventris, but on a tick per unit weight of rodent basis, this species was low in the approximate order calculated.Adult ticks were ready to feed in mid-December in one trial, but they were inactive in the rodentarium because soil temperatures under the snow were usually about 0 °C, and activity does not begin until about 5 °C. The cycles observed in the rodentaria and the field indicate that both 1- and 2-year life cycles occur in southern British Columbia at an altitude of about 1000 ft. At higher altitudes and latitudes, a 3-year life cycle with overwintering larvae may occur. About 10% of the ticks marked in their first year of activity in 1964 were active the next spring.Female ticks from both 1-year and 2-year cycles were capable of paralyzing sheep.

Biology and control of Reseda lutea L. 2. Life cycle: seedling emergence, recruitment, and vegetative reproduction

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Heap
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
First Year ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

The reproductive biology of Reseda lutea L. was studied in the laboratory and field in southern Australia. Seedling emergence was greatest from 5 mm depth (57%) to 10 mm (53%) but also occurred from 80 mm. Seeds on the soil surface did not germinate. Following cultivation of a field population, seedling emergence was high (144/m2) in the first winter and recruitment to the perennial population was estimated at 10·2%. Seedling emergence in subsequent winters was low. Perennial shoot numbers increased gradually in the first year after cultivation, from seedling recruitment and daughter shoots, and then stabilised at around 28/m2. Shoots formed on root fragments at a range of constant and fluctuating temperatures between 10° and 35°C, with a maximum of 17·3 shoots per 50-mm fragment at 15°C. Shoot production increased with root fragment length and diameter. Shoots were produced on root fragments as short as 10 mm and as thin as 1 mm. Fragments from the upper tap root produced more shoots than those from further down the tap root, or from laterals. An illustrated model of the life cycle of R. lutea in Australia is presented.

Comparison of the life cycle of potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) pathotype Ro1 on selected potato cultivars

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Renčo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Two Peaks

AbstractThe life cycle of Globodera rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 was studied under experimental conditions on selected potato cultivars (Korela, Albina, Vivaldi, Veronika, Vera, Monalisa, Victoria, Maranca, Désirée) in Slovakia during two growing seasons. Two peaks of second stage juveniles (J2) were found in the soil; the first peak three and four weeks after planting in the first and second year, respectively. The last J2 were found on 23 September. The number of J2 found in the second peak was much higher. First J2 associated with roots were observed 18 days, on middle early and seritonous cultivars 34 days after planting, but fourth stage juveniles (J4) were observed 40 days after planting in both cultivar groups. First adult males were found in soil 43 and 46 days after planting, respectively, and the last males two weeks later. White females filled with eggs were observed on roots 61 days after planting. The cycle from hatching of J2 in the soil to the hatching of J2 from brown cysts required 68 days in the first year and 60 days in the second year.

Overwintering, soil distribution and phenology of Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Queensland sugarcane

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Logan ◽  
P.G. Allsopp ◽  
M.P. Zalucki
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Shallow Depth ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Soil Distribution ◽  
Two Age Groups

AbstractIn this study, the question of whether Childers canegrub, Antitrogus parvulus (Britton) overwinters in the subsoil was addressed. Irrigated fields of sugarcane were sampled during a 2-year period near Bundaberg in southern Queensland. Antitrogus parvulus overwintered as second and third instars at each of three sites. During autumn and winter third instars of different allochronic (separated in age by 12 months) populations occurred together and could not be readily separated. Field-collected third instars were reared on ryegrass and separated into two age groups based on the date of pupation. Third instars in the first year of their life cycle (young third instars) remained at shallow depth (100–200 mm) and did not overwinter in the subsoil as once thought. Minimum temperatures during winter were 13–16°C and did not prevent young third instars from feeding and gaining weight. Third instars in their second and final year moved downwards from late summer and pupated in the subsoil at 293–425 mm in spring. General phenology was as previously reported with first instar larvae occurring from January until April, second instars from January until November and third instar larvae throughout the year. Prepupae and pupae were found between October and December and adults occurred in soil during November and January. Batches of eggs occurred at a mean depth of 350 mm. First and second instars occurred predominantly at relatively shallow (100–200 mm) depths in the soil profile. All stages tended to be most common under rows of sugarcane rather than in the interrow.

scholarly journals Life history of Kermes quercus (LINNAEUS) (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Podsiadło
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Year ◽  
New Generation

ABSTRACT This research complements the results of a study of the life cycle of Kermes quercus (L.) performed in Poland in 2008-2009. The latest observations were carried out in 2010 from the beginning of March until the end of November. They showed that K. quercus overwintered as 2nd-instar nymphs. These developed into adults at the beginning of May. Reproduction began at the beginning of June. The 1st-instar nymphs of the new generation appeared in mid-June. They then developed for about 5 months, after which they entered the winter diapause. All the observations, carried out in 2008-2010, showed that, under the climatic conditions of Poland, K. quercus is not a univoltine species. One generation develops over two years. In the first year it overwinters as 1st-instar nymphs and in the second year as 2nd-instar nymphs.

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