Impacts of Gas Drilling on Human and Animal Health

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Bamberger ◽  
Robert E. Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
The World ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
The Impact

Environmental concerns surrounding drilling for gas are intense due to expansion of shale gas drilling operations. Controversy surrounding the impact of drilling on air and water quality has pitted industry and leaseholders against individuals and groups concerned with environmental protection and public health. Because animals often are exposed continually to air, soil, and groundwater and have more frequent reproductive cycles, animals can be used as sentinels to monitor impacts to human health. This study involved interviews with animal owners who live near gas drilling operations. The findings illustrate which aspects of the drilling process may lead to health problems and suggest modifications that would lessen but not eliminate impacts. Complete evidence regarding health impacts of gas drilling cannot be obtained due to incomplete testing and disclosure of chemicals, and nondisclosure agreements. Without rigorous scientific studies, the gas drilling boom sweeping the world will remain an uncontrolled health experiment on an enormous scale.

scholarly journals Possibilities and limits for using the gut microbiome to improve captive animal health

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Diaz ◽  
Aspen T. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Host Health ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Outstanding Question ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Captive Animal

AbstractBecause of its potential to modulate host health, the gut microbiome of captive animals has become an increasingly important area of research. In this paper, we review the current literature comparing the gut microbiomes of wild and captive animals, as well as experiments tracking the microbiome when animals are moved between wild and captive environments. As a whole, these studies report highly idiosyncratic results with significant differences in the effect of captivity on the gut microbiome between host species. While a few studies have analyzed the functional capacity of captive microbiomes, there has been little research directly addressing the health consequences of captive microbiomes. Therefore, the current body of literature cannot broadly answer what costs, if any, arise from having a captive microbiome in captivity. Addressing this outstanding question will be critical to determining whether it is worth pursuing microbial manipulations as a conservation tool. To stimulate the next wave of research which can tie the captive microbiome to functional and health impacts, we outline a wide range of tools that can be used to manipulate the microbiome in captivity and suggest a variety of methods for measuring the impact of such manipulation preceding therapeutic use. Altogether, we caution researchers against generalizing results between host species given the variability in gut community responses to captivity and highlight the need to understand what role the gut microbiome plays in captive animal health before putting microbiome manipulations broadly into practice.

Drilling Fluid Design for Shale Gas Drilling

2015 ◽  
Vol 1113 ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Safwan Zazarli Shah ◽  
Arina Sauki ◽  
Wan Zairani Wan Bakar ◽  
Nurul Aimi Ghazali ◽  
Azlinda Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rheological Performance ◽  
Shale Gas Drilling

Shale gas nowadays is an important source of unconventional gas. The limited conventional gas supply makes the unconventional sources as a new source of gas. In this research, the aim is to design a mud formulation that can carry out essential functions of mud for shale gas drilling. Commonly for shale gas drilling, water based mud is used. However, water based mud is ineffective when dealing with water-sensitive shale. The alternative way to deal with this type of shale is using synthetic-based mud (SBM) or oil-based mud (OBM). OBM is an effective mud while drilling well. However, it is toxic and gives negative impact to environment. SBM somehow is more environmental friendly compared to oil based and ester is one of the synthetic based fluids. In order to prove this statement, a toxicity test was carried out to investigate the impact of ester based mud on selected marine life. The results of the test were compared with past research results. The ester use in this research is methyl-ester C12-C14 derived from palm oil and the mud was formulated at different oil-water ratios which are 70/30, 80/20 and 90/10, respectively and the best rheological performance can be seen at 80/20 oil-water ratio. Then, the performance of this mud had been compared to other types of mud which are sarapar-based and WBM. The findings revealed that the rheological performance of ester based mud is comparable with common based mud used for shale gas drilling. Apart from that, it is less toxic than other based mud which can maintain 60% prawn’s survival even after 96 hours exposure in 100,000 ppm of mud concentration in artificial seawater.

scholarly journals Evolution of animal health economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. Zhukovskyi ◽  
◽  
V. V. Nedosekov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The article study the foundation, stages of formation and development of the animal health economy. The main scientific schools and their contribution to the development of animal health economics are highlighted. It is established that the economics of animal health is a dynamic and relatively new field of research, currently little explored are economic tools that cover the problems of animal health and the functioning of the veterinary service. Currently, new priority areas for the development of animal health economics are the study of the economics of livestock systems and animal health problems due to the impact of these systems, in particular transboundary emergent animal diseases. Undoubtedly, one of the main criteria for sustainable livestock is animal welfare and biosecurity, which are priorities of the "One World, One Health" concept established by the FAO, OIE and WHO Triumvirate in 2009. It is the consolidation of these criteria and the laws of economics will ensure the sustainable development of animal husbandry. It is extremely necessary to establish its own scientific school, which will take into account the world experience, realities and features of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry and be implemented in modern science and livestock production of Ukraine. Since Ukraine has for many years stood aside from the development of such areas of economic research as animal health economics and relied on the outdated system of determining the economic efficiency of veterinary measures, which inherited from the planned economy, it is now necessary to start its own scientific school. take into account the world experience and realities and features of the field of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry of our country. In the dynamically developing livestock industries (poultry farming, pig farming) there are already own economic features of veterinary services and animal health management, which do not fully correspond to world trends and promising areas of veterinary management. Therefore, it is already necessary to offer production economic approaches and methods of financing anti-epizootic measures, ensuring the health of livestock, veterinary management, forecasting the feasibility of treatment taking into account the political, social, economic, economic and environmental characteristics of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of climate change on vector-borne viruses in the EU through the elicitation of expert opinion

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GALE ◽  
A. BROUWER ◽  
V. RAMNIAL ◽  
L. KELLY ◽  
R. KOSMIDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

SUMMARYExpert opinion was elicited to undertake a qualitative risk assessment to estimate the current and future risks to the European Union (EU) from five vector-borne viruses listed by the World Organization for Animal Health. It was predicted that climate change will increase the risk of incursions of African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) into the EU from other parts of the world, with African swine fever virus (ASFV) and West Nile virus (WNV) being less affected. Currently the predicted risks of incursion were lowest for RVFV and highest for ASFV. Risks of incursion were considered for six routes of entry (namely vectors, livestock, meat products, wildlife, pets and people). Climate change was predicted to increase the risk of incursion from entry of vectors for all five viruses to some degree, the strongest effects being predicted for AHSV, CCHFV and WNV. This work will facilitate identification of appropriate risk management options in relation to adaptations to climate change.

scholarly journals Marteiliosis in molluscs

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
D. KARAGIANNIS (Δ. ΚΑΡΑΓΙΑΝΝΗΣ) ◽  
P. ANGELIDIS (Π. ΑΓΓΕΛΙΔΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
World Organisation

The protozoans, belonging to the phylum Paramyxea and particularly to the genera Marteilia, are the more important mollusc pathogens. The last thirty years marteiliosis has caused economic losses in mollusc aquaculture worldwide. According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (O.I.E.), it is not a zoonosis and it is classified in List II that includes mollusc diseases which are an obligatory statement in the European Union. The disease is characterized by progressive loss of body-weight of the infected shellfish and alteration of the colour of the digestive gland. Because of the absence of pathognomonic symptoms, histological and molecular techniques are required for the diagnosis of the disease. In Greece, marteiliosis constitutes a continuous threat for the mollusc aquaculture and demands surveillance and proper management. Genetic improvement of host species, in order to produce individuals resistant to the disease, as well as knowledge of the biology of Marteilia sp. constitute useful tools for the reduction of the impact of marteiliosis.

scholarly journals Thermo-sensitive polymer nanospheres as a smart plugging agent for shale gas drilling operations

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ji Wang ◽  
Zheng-Song Qiu ◽  
Han-Yi Zhong ◽  
Wei-An Huang ◽  
Wen-Hao Dai
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Polymer Nanospheres ◽  
Shale Gas Drilling

scholarly journals Sheltering in place swings door open wide to food insecurity during COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Amir Alakaam ◽  
Sondra Gudmundson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic is causing economic devastation and health system instability around the world. It has been reported that virus pandemics result in food crises even before the appearance of health impacts of the virus in the community. Addressing the consequences of food insecurity is critical during public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is no evidence for the best module or practice used to reduce food insecurity during COVID-19 pandemic. However, a previously adapted tool can be used to address and measure community needs as well as expand access to food. The purpose of this report is to introduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity among the low-income population of the United States and to provide a suggestion to intervene on the impact. Using a validated tool to identify food insecurity, coupled with urgent immediate policy change, may diminish consequences of food insecurity and protect the health of those most fragile during a pandemic crisis in rural and low-income communities.

Integrated Workflow Solutions Deliver Breakthrough in Sichuan Shale Gas Drilling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenzhe Li ◽  
Liang Tang ◽  
Ye Zhuang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Yifan Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shale Gas ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Geomechanical Analysis ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Abstract The Sichuan shale gas deposits are in remote, mountainous regions and the gas-bearing rocks are deep and in tectonically complicated areas. The plan to make shale gas account for more than 40% of the Chinese total natural gas production by 2040 requires shorter well delivery periods and higher well productions. It is therefore crucial to improve the overall drilling efficiency with the limited rig capability and geological challenges. To improve capital efficiency, a multi-disciplinary approach integrating subsurface understanding with well engineering and drilling practices was implemented. Central to this drilling optimization effort are risk mitigation strategies, utilizing solutions based on robust geomechanical understanding and critical drilling experience reviews, engineered to improve wellbore placement, drilling fluid formulation, and bit and BHA designs. A novel wellbore-strengthening oil-based mud system was implemented to maintain shale stability. A rotary steerable drilling system and reservoir navigation technology were deployed together with the application of specific poly-crystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit design. A new-generation advanced cuttings analysis method was also applied with the lithology, organic matter and fracability of rock could be evaluated in real time to assist the reservoir navigation during the drilling. This integrated solution was deployed in the drilling of 8 ½" holes of Changning Shale gas field. A cross-functional team was formed so that the operator, the drilling contractor and the service company can collaborate closely with expertise across multiple functions and disciplines. Suitable mud weight was provided by the detailed geomechanical analysis to account for the high pore pressure and near bed-parallel drilling conditions. To place the laterals in the thin targeted sub-layer with high TOC, a rotary steerable system (RSS) with azimuthal GR provide not only precise steering and directional controls, but also enable increased reservoir coverage by expanding the lateral section as well as drilling the build and horizontal sections in a single run without BHA trips. The combination of RSS with specialized bits as an optimized bit and BHA system maximizes the steering performance while delivering superior borehole quality by reducing drill string vibration and the minimizing mechanical specific energy, all of which contribute to the overall improvement in the well delivery efficiency. This integrated drilling solution has achieved remarkable results by doubling the average rate of penetration (ROP) to 15.5m/h compared to an offset well on the same pad of 7.4m/h. The well was placed successfully in the targeted zone with a 100% reservoir contact. And the total drilling time was shortened by 40% compared to similar wells nearby. The integrated solution has brought breakthrough to improve the well delivery efficiency in the China shale gas development. This paper describes the integrated workflow solutions and detailed technical optimizations of the 8 ½" section drilling process.

A New Pdc Bit Selection Method Based on 3d Realistic Cutter Damage Simulation Aimed at Maximizing Product Life–Cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Pelfrene ◽  
Fayez Abdulrahman Al Fayez ◽  
Hussain Ali Baqer ◽  
Jasem Ahmed Al-Jarki ◽  
Meshal Hamoud Alsarhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Pdc Bit ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Increasing the life of PDC bits without compromising on bit performance is crucial in drilling operations. It allows the operator to reduce non-productive time and the bit manufacturer to increase the reliability and the repairability of its products. This paper introduces a new PDC bit selection method designed to maximize the durability of the selected bit based on simulations of 3D realistic cutter damage. During PDC bit drilling operations, any damage caused to one cutter tends to overload others and compromise the balancing and the durability of the whole cutting structure. The impact of various kinds of bit failure and cutter damage on the performance of different cutting structures is estimated. The analysis is performed with the help of a 3D bit-rock interaction model which simulates the drilling process considering both the drill bit and the hole being drilled as 3D meshed surfaces. The simulator is based on a generic computational geometry algorithm which estimates the exact volume of rock removed by each cutter while making minimal assumptions on the geometry of the cutter. Any cutter shape, including damaged ones can be simulated based on this model. Thus, realistic dull conditions can be applied to PDC cutters to analyse how the bit performs once damaged. A series of simulation scenarios involving different failure mechanisms like abrasive wear, broken cutters, or lost cutters, have been conducted on a series of targeted 9 ¼ in. bit designs aimed to be run in an application in South East Kuwait. Bit designs have been ranked with respect to simulated performance indicators like drillability, steerability, stability, tool face control and also to their ability to withstand mild to catastrophic failure events. Based on this analysis, the top ranked bit design has been selected, manufactured and successfully run in the field. For the first time in the area, the bit achieved two sections (9 ¼ and 6 ½) in one, showing both a high durability and a good compatibility with the directional system used along the formation sequence drilled. While the classical bit selection process is usually limited to the comparison of different bit designs in a given drilling scenario, the present paper demonstrates how this process can be further optimized by selecting the bit which also guarantees a maximum level of performance when subjected to worst case failure scenarios. This new method should benefit both the operator and the bit manufacturer as it is designed to achieve longer intervals, reduce operating costs and increase the global bit performance.

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