scholarly journals Blood gas analysis in Mangalarga Marchador horses with colic

2015 ◽  
pp. 4447-4454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiane F. Castro ◽  
Félix González
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intestinal Segment ◽  
Blood Gas

Objective. This study aims to distinguish blood gas changes in horses with colic syndrome in which small or large intestine is affected. Materials and methods. Thirty Mangalarga Marchador horses were assessed, divided into groups according to the affected intestinal segment in episodes of colic syndrome (ECS): a group (N=10) of horses suffering from ECS with lesions only in the small intestine, a group (N=10) of horses suffering from ECS with lesions only in the large intestine and a group (N=10) of healthy horses (control). All the animals with ECS were submitted to exploratory laparotomy in order to establish the intestinal segment affected. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture, before surgical procedure to determine sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, glucose, hematocrit, hemoglobin, pH, carbon dioxide partial pressure, total carbon dioxide concentration, bicarbonate, base excess and anion gap. Results. No significant changes were found in plasma levels of Na+, K+, Cl- , pCO2 and anion gap in any type of ECS. Horses with small intestine injuries presented higher levels of tCO2, urea and bicarbonate compared to those with large intestine injuries and to the control group, as well as higher levels of glucose and base excess than the control group. Conclusions. Horses with colic syndrome bearing small intestine injuries show wider variations in the blood gas parameters than horses with large bowel lesions. Key word: Acid-base imbalance, electrolytes, large intestine, small intestine (Source:CAB).

scholarly journals Determination of reference intervals and comparison of venous blood gas parameters using standard and non-standard collection methods in 24 cats

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 831-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Bachmann ◽  
Annette PN Kutter ◽  
Rahel Jud Schefer ◽  
Charlotte Marly-Voquer ◽  
Nadja Sigrist
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Ionised Calcium ◽  
Total Haemoglobin

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine in-house reference intervals (RIs) for venous blood analysis with the RAPIDPoint 500 blood gas analyser using blood gas syringes (BGSs) and to determine whether immediate analysis of venous blood collected into lithium heparin (LH) tubes can replace anaerobic blood sampling into BGSs. Methods Venous blood was collected from 24 healthy cats and directly transferred into a BGS and an LH tube. The BGS was immediately analysed on the RAPIDPoint 500 followed by the LH tube. The BGSs and LH tubes were compared using paired t-test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, Bland–Altman and Passing–Bablok analysis. To assess clinical relevance, bias or percentage bias between BGSs and LH tubes was compared with the allowable total error (TEa) recommended for the respective parameter. Results Based on the values obtained from the BGSs, RIs were calculated for the evaluated parameters, including blood gases, electrolytes, glucose and lactate. Values derived from LH tubes showed no significant difference for standard bicarbonate, whole blood base excess, haematocrit, total haemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and lactate, while pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, actual bicarbonate, extracellular base excess, ionised calcium and anion gap were significantly different to the samples collected in BGSs ( P <0.05). Furthermore, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, extracellular base excess, ionised calcium and anion gap exceeded the recommended TEa. Conclusions and relevance Assessment of actual and standard bicarbonate, whole blood base excess, haematocrit, total haemoglobin, sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose and lactate can be made based on blood collected in LH tubes and analysed within 5 mins. For pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen, extracellular base excess, anion gap and ionised calcium the clinically relevant alterations have to be considered if analysed in LH tubes.

Continuous, transcutaneous carbon-dioxide monitoring to avoid hypercapnia in complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Weinmann ◽  
A Lenz ◽  
R Heudorfer ◽  
D Aktolga ◽  
M Rattka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Conscious Sedation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Patient Comfort ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Venous Blood Gas

Abstract Background Ablation of complex cardiac arrhythmias requires an immobilized patient. For a successful and safe intervention and for patient comfort, this can be achieved by conscious sedation. Administered sedatives and analgesics have respiratory depressant side effects and require close monitoring. Purpose We investigated the feasibility and accuracy of an additional, continuous transcutaneous carbon-dioxide partial pressure (tpCO2) measurement during conscious sedation in complex electrophysiological catheter ablation procedures. Methods We evaluated the accuracy and additional value of tpCO2 detection by application of a Severinghaus electrode in comparison to arterial and venous blood gas analyses. Results We included 110 patients in this prospective observational study. Arterial pCO2 (paCO2) and tpCO2 showed good correlation throughout the procedures (r=0.60–0.87, p&lt;0.005). Venous pCO2 (pvCO2) were also well correlated to transcutaneous values (r=0.65–0.85, p&lt;0.0001). Analyses of the difference of pvCO2 and tpCO2 measurements showed a tolerance within &lt;10mmHg in up to 96–98% of patients. Hypercapnia (pCO2&lt;70mmHg) was detected more likely and earlier by continuous tpCO2 monitoring compared to half-hourly pvCO2 measurements. Conclusion Continuous tpCO2 monitoring is feasible and precise with good correlation to arterial and venous blood gas carbon-dioxide analysis during complex catheter ablations under conscious sedation and may contribute to additional safety. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

An Extremely Simple and Fast Microlitre Method for the Determination of Total Carbon Dioxide in Biological Samples

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Van Stekelenburg ◽  
C Valk ◽  
M J G Van Wijngaarden-Penterman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Simple Method

For those clinical laboratories equipped with a microprocessor-controlled gas analyser, an extremely simple method is described for the determination of the total carbon dioxide content in various biological fluids. Since this method needs only 20 μL of blood plasma or is less dependent on the original total carbon dioxide content, it is especially suited for paediatric purposes. With our procedure the time necessary for one determination equals the time for one capillary blood gas analysis.

Spurious rise in total carbon dioxide and chloride with negative anion gap after cystogram

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila O. Abdel-Wareth ◽  
David S. Lirenman ◽  
Anne C. Halstead ◽  
Don McLellan ◽  
Bruce C. Carleton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Negative Anion Gap

Assessment of the cardiotoxicity of tulathromycin in rabbits

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Er ◽  
Feray Altan ◽  
Gul Cetin ◽  
Burak Dik ◽  
Muammer Elmas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb ◽  
Ionised Calcium

The aim of this study was to determine the cardiotoxic potency of tulathromycin. Tulathromycin (10 mg/kg, SC) was administered to ten adult male rabbits, and blood samples were obtained before and after drug administration (0 and 6 hours). Serum cardiac damage markers (troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase), routine serum biochemical values (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, amylase, total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, ionised calcium, sodium, potassium), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, arterial blood gas parameters (pH, partial carbon dioxide pressure, partial oxygen pressure, actual bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excessin vivo, base excessin vitro, oxygen saturation, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum oxidative status (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, retinol, β-carotene) were measured. Increased levels of troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and creatinine, and decreased WBC counts, ionised calcium and potassium levels were observed after drug administration. Tulathromycin treatment may cause cardiotoxicity, but its effects may be less dramatic than those of other macrolide antibiotics frequently used in veterinary medicine.

Hypochloremia in cats – prevalence and associated diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (04) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Pagitz ◽  
Mona Sarah Friedrich ◽  
Florian K. Zeugswetter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Blood Gas Analysis ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Correction Formula

SummaryObjective: To describe the prevalence and possible causes of hypochloremia in the local hospital cat population. Material and methods: Retrospective study consisting of two parts. Data were collected from the local electronic medical records database using the search terms „chloride“ and „cats“ (part A), and „blood gas analysis“ and „cats“ (part B). The medical records of the hypochloremic cats were then reviewed to determine prior treatment or infusions and to identify major underlying disease processes. Part A included an age and gender matched non-hypochloremic control group, whereas in part B acid-base status was assessed. Results: Hypochloremia was detected in 367 (27%) of 1363 blood samples. The application of a correction formula to adjust for free water changes decreased the number of hypochloremic cats to 253 (19%). Only a minority had received glucocorticoids or loop diuretics and the prevalence of vomiting was 44%. Common associated disorders were gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, as well as azotemia and diabetes mellitus. Polyuria/ polydipsia, dehydration, prednisolone or furosemide pretreatment, azotemia and diabetes mellitus increased, whereas fluid therapy and the diagnosis of neoplasia decreased the prevalence of hypochloremia. An inverse correlation was found between corrected chloride and standar dized base excess (rs = –0.597, p = 0.001) as well as anion gap (rs = –0.4, p = 0.026). 99% of the hypochloremic cats had derangements of acid-base balance. Conclusion: Hypochloremia is a common electrolyte disorder in the local cat population. The correction formula is ne cessary to adjust for changes in plasma osmolality. Although associated with metabolic alkalosis, most of the hypochloremic cats have a normal or decreased pH. The inverse correlation of chloride and anion gap als well as the high proportion of azotemic or diabetic animals support the concept of compensatory acidosis induced hypochlor emia. Clinical relevance: Hypochloremia should prompt the clinician to performe blood-gas analysis. Diabetes mellitus (especially ketoacidosis) and renal disease should be included in current algorithms for the evaluation of hypochloremic patients.

scholarly journals Organic Acids Interfere in the Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Concentration by the Kodak Ektachem 700

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Rifai ◽  
John Hyde ◽  
Mariet Iosefsohn ◽  
Allen M. Glasgow ◽  
Steven J Soldin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Urine Disease

A significant discrepancy was noted in our laboratory between the total plasma carbon dioxide concentration measured by the Kodak Ektachem 700 and the bicarbonate concentration derived from the Corning 170 pH/Blood Gas analyser in an 8-day-old patient. The concentration of total carbon dioxide was 18 mmol/L while the derived bicarbonate was 13 mmol/L. The patient was eventually diagnosed as maple syrup urine disease. This finding led us to examine the effect of various organic acids on the measurement of carbon dioxide by the Ektachem 700. Several interfered significantly. Clinicians should be aware that when organic acid concentrations are increased, the Ektachem 700 total carbon dioxide result may be falsely raised.

scholarly journals Intraocular pressure and its correlation with blood gas parameters in crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) anesthetized with isoflurane and sevoflurane

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1461-1467
Author(s):  
A.P. Ribeiro ◽  
S.N. Vitaliano ◽  
R. Thiesen ◽  
A. Escobar ◽  
J.P. Duque Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Blood Gas Parameters

The intraocular pressure (IOP) and its correlations with arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and arterial pH were studied in five crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) anesthetized with isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEV). Baseline IOP values were measured in both eyes (M0). Brachial artery was previously catheterized to obtain blood gas and cardiorespiratory analysis. Anesthesia was induced with 5% ISO and maintained with 2.5% for 40 minutes. IOP measurements and blood samples were evaluated in different moments until the end of the procedure. After recovering, a second anesthesia was induced with 6% SEV and maintained with 3.5%. Parameters were evaluated at the same time points of the previous procedure. IOP reduced significantly (P= 0.012) from M0 at all time points and no significative changes were observed between ISO and SEV anesthesias. Correlation between IOP and PaCO2 and between PIO and blood pH were found only for SEV. IOP and blood pH decreased in parallel with IOP, whereas values of PaCO2 increased in caracaras anesthetized with isoflurane and sevoflurane.

scholarly journals INTESTINAL MECHANISMS OF ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION DISTURBANCE OF BILE ACIDS IN CHOLELITHIASIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Vakhrushev ◽  
A. P. Lukashevich ◽  
A. Yu. Gorbunov ◽  
I. A. Penkina
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Background: Cholelithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the digestive system which affects all segments of the population and preserves a stable growth of incidence rates. In recent years the development of cholelithiasis is associated with impaired enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BA). The small intestine (SI) plays an important part in EHC of BA because 80‒90% of BA are absorbed into the blood after deconjugation by bacteria in the SI. However, in spite of a number of works dealing with the problem of EHC of BA at the intestinal level, the problem is far from being solved. Aims: To assess the association between the level of bile acids in the blood and bile of patients with cholelithiasis and disturbance of resorbing function of the small intestine as well as changes in the condition of the intestinal microbiota. Materials and methods: Non-randomized controlled trial. The study group included patients aged 18‒74 with lithogenic stage of cholelithiasis. The diagnosis was based on clinical data and the results of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Bile acids in the blood and bile were determined by mass spectrometry using the apparatus AmazonX (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). Biochemical examination of bile was conducted. Absorption in the small intestine was studied by functional glucose tolerance test. Condition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed by the hydrogen breath test with lactulose using the apparatus LaktofaH2 (AMA, St. Petersburg). Stool culture was performed in selective media. Results: 115 patients aged 18 to 74 with prestone stage of cholelithiasis and 25 healthy people, comparable in age and sex, were examined. In patients with prestone stage of cholelithiasis biochemical examination of bile revealed increased cholesterol and decreased bile acids and bile acids-cholesterol ratio in B and C bile. The level of bile acids in the blood was reduced in comparison with the control group; it was associated in particular with a significant reduction in chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic acids. Resorption in the small intestine was increased in patients with cholelithiasis compared with the control group (blood glucose increase within 30 minutes after the glucose load was 3.13±0.17 and 2.32±0.11 mmol/l respectively; p0.05). In the majority of patients small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), mainly (75% of patients) associated with ileocecal insufficiency, and dysbiosis in the large intestine were established (88 and 100% of patients respectively). Conclusions: The small intestine is an important component in disturbance of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Significant changes in deconjugation of bile acids occur due to SIBO in the distal ileum and dysbiosis in the large intestine, thus disturbings the proportion of fractions of bile acids in the blood and bile.

scholarly journals Inline Milk Lactose Concentration as Biomarker of the Health Status in Fresh Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Televičius ◽  
Vida Juozaitiene ◽  
Dovilė Malašauskienė ◽  
Ramūnas Antanaitis ◽  
Arūnas Rutkauskas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Lactose Concentration

In this study pH, temperature of the contents of the forestomach of cows and cow activity were measured using specific smaXtec boluses manufactured for animal care. Rumination time, body weight, milk yield, milk fat/protein ratio, milk lactose, milk somatic cell count, milk electrical conductivity and conception of concentrates were registered with the help of Lely Astronaut&reg; A3 milking robots. The following parameters were obtained: base excess in blood, partial carbon dioxide pressure, partial oxygen pressure, bicarbonate, hydrogen potential, total carbon dioxide carbon, base excess in extracellular fluid, sodium, calcium, potassium, packed cell volume, chlorides, hemoglobin concentration and lactate. According to the concentration of lactose in milk, cows were grouped into two groups: group 1 - milk lactose &amp;lt;4.70% (n = 20), group 2 - milk lactose &ge; 4.70% (n = 15). Data of cows were also divided by milk fat and protein ratio: F/P&amp;lt;1.2 (class 1), F/P=1.2 (class 2) and F/P&amp;gt;1.2 (class 3). According our results we can conclude that inline registered milk lactose concentration can be used as indicator for the health status of fresh dairy cows. Cows with higher lactose concentration (&ge; 4.70%) developed more activity (54.47%) and had less risk of mastitis (lover milk EC, and SCC) and metabolic disorders according to F/P. Cows with higher lactose concentration showed higher glucose concentrations. Low level of lactose can be used as indicator of mastitis (milk SCC &ge; 100 thousand/ml) and metabolic disorders according to F/P.

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