scholarly journals An infectious low molecular weight RNA was detected in grapevines by molecular hybridization with hop stunt viroid cDNA.

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eishiro SHIKATA ◽  
Teruo SANO ◽  
Ichiro UYEDA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Molecular Hybridization ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid

Viroids in Australian Citrus: Relationship to Exocortis, Cachexia and Citrus Dwarfing

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Gillings ◽  
P Broadbent ◽  
BI Gollnow
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Lower Molecular Weight ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Trifoliate Orange ◽  
Stunt Viroid ◽  
Hop Stunt Viroid ◽  
Tree Performance

Viroids are the smallest infectious agents known, being unencapsidated RNAs of 240-380 bases. Citrus exocortis viroid (CEV) causes poor tree performance, especially when infected scions are grafted to trifoliate orange or citrange rootstocks. To eliminate infected budwood trees, various methods were used to detect CEV, including field inspections, bud inoculation of Etrog citron indicators (in which CEV causes severe epinasty) and hybridisation with CEV cDNA. A large number of trees with exocortis- like symptoms such as dwarfing and/or bud union abnormalities produced only mild epinasty when grafted on Etrog citron and did not hybridise to the CEV probe. Upon purification and electrophoretic analysis, the presence of viroids other than CEV was demonstrated. Screening of over 1800 trees resulted in the detection of four groups of viroids as determined by RNA homology and length in nucleotides. CEV was the only member of the first group and was the largest viroid detected, with 371 bases. CEV almost invariably occurred with other viroids of lower molecular weight. The second group, CV I, contained two viroids, of 325 and 332 bases, which were not homologous to CEV or hop stunt viroid (HSVd). Group CV II contained three viroids, of 297, 299 and 302 bases, all of which were homologous to HSVd. The CV III group contained two viroids, of 290 and 295 bases, which were not homologous to CEV or HSVd. The CV II and CV III groups were strongly associated with various field symptoms, including the disease cachexia (CV IIb), and dwarfing of trees on trifoliate orange rootstock. To confirm any causal relationship between individual viroids and field symptoms, viroids representative of each group were purified and used to inoculate Etrog citron. Tissue from these citrons was used to inoculate young field trees with viroids, singly and in combination. Parson's Special mandarin inoculated with CV IIb showed symptoms of cachexia after 2 years, confirming CV IIb as a causal agent of this disease. It will probably be 5 years before the effect of other inoculations can be assessed.

A high-performance oil-free backing pump for electron microscopes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
G.K.W. Balkau ◽  
E. Bez ◽  
J.L. Farrant
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Rotary Pumps ◽  
Electron Microscopes

The earliest account of the contamination of electron microscope specimens by the deposition of carbonaceous material during electron irradiation was published in 1947 by Watson who was then working in Canada. It was soon established that this carbonaceous material is formed from organic vapours, and it is now recognized that the principal source is the oil-sealed rotary pumps which provide the backing vacuum. It has been shown that the organic vapours consist of low molecular weight fragments of oil molecules which have been degraded at hot spots produced by friction between the vanes and the surfaces on which they slide. As satisfactory oil-free pumps are unavailable, it is standard electron microscope practice to reduce the partial pressure of organic vapours in the microscope in the vicinity of the specimen by using liquid-nitrogen cooled anti-contamination devices. Traps of this type are sufficient to reduce the contamination rate to about 0.1 Å per min, which is tolerable for many investigations.

Low-molecular-weight heparin in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn R Hermes De Santis ◽  
Betsy S Laumeister ◽  
Vidhu Bansal ◽  
Vandana Kataria ◽  
Preeti Loomba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Venous thromboembolism in a general hospital. An update with low molecular weight heparin prophylaxis

VASA ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Schulz ◽  
Kesselring ◽  
Seeberger ◽  
Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Vte Prophylaxis ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Event Rates

Background: Patients admitted to hospital for surgery or acute medical illnesses have a high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Today’s widespread use of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for VTE prophylaxis is supposed to have reduced VTE rates substantially. However, data concerning the overall effectiveness of LMWH prophylaxis is sparse. Patients and methods: We prospectively studied all patients with symptomatic and objectively confirmed VTE seen in our hospital over a three year period. Event rates in different wards were analysed and compared. VTE prophylaxis with Enoxaparin was given to all patients at risk during their hospital stay. Results: A total of 50 464 inpatients were treated during the study period. 461 examinations were carried out for symptoms suggestive of VTE and yielded 89 positive results in 85 patients. Seventy eight patients were found to have deep vein thrombosis, 7 had pulmonary embolism, and 4 had both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The overall in hospital VTE event rate was 0.17%. The rate decreased during the study period from 0.22 in year one to 0,16 in year two and 0.13 % in year three. It ranged highest in neurologic and trauma patients (0.32%) and lowest (0.08%) in gynecology-obstetrics. Conclusions: With a simple and strictly applied regimen of prophylaxis with LMWH the overall rate of symptomatic VTE was very low in our hospitalized patients. Beside LMWH prophylaxis, shortening hospital stays and substantial improvements in surgical and anasthesia techniques achieved during the last decades probably play an essential role in decreasing VTE rates.

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