scholarly journals Terra sigillata in southern Latium. The evidence from the Pontine Region Project, 1987-2014

2021 ◽  
pp. 203-272
Author(s):  
G.W. Tol ◽  
T.C.A. De Haas ◽  
P.A.J. Attema
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Geomorphological Units ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Different Parts

This contribution is the first of a series of publications by the authors to systematically disclose the wealth of material evidence collected during some 30 years of fieldwork in the Pontine region by the Pontine Region Project. This project has, since its inception in the mid-1980s, investigated more than 36 km2 of terrain across all major geomorphological units of the region, largely by means of systematic surface investigations. During these investigations, close to 200 000 artefacts were collected for further study, including c. 1 660 fragments of (Italian) terra sigillata, the emblematic, shiny red fine table ware of the Early Imperial period. In this article, we present a detailed spatial and contextual analysis of the terra sigillata fragments that have been gathered within the Pontine Region Project and discuss the results in light of economic issues (market integration, economic growth). We then supplement this evidence by published evidence of name stamps from surrounding areas to further expose to what extent, and in what ways, the different parts of southern Latium were embedded in the long-distance economic networks of the period.

Prehistoric Long-Distance Transport of Construction Beams, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio L. Betancourt ◽  
Jeffrey S. Dean ◽  
Herbert M. Hull
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Chaco Canyon ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Distance Transport

Identification of spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies) construction timbers at Chetro Ketl in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, implies that between A.D. 1030 and 1120 the Anasazi transported thousands of logs more than 75 km. These timbers came from high elevations, probably in mountains to the south (Mt. Taylor) and west (Chuska Mountains) where Chacoan interaction was well established. Survey in these mountains might disclose material evidence of these prehistoric logging activities.

Chinese Business Practice in the Late Imperial Period

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Zelin
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Chinese Business ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Business In China ◽  
The Impact

The rapid development of the Chinese economy over the past several decades has stimulated new interest in the institutions, practices, and social formations that supported the development of business in China before the intensification of pressure from Western traders to conform to “modern” practices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article aims to provide a foundation for understanding merchant practice as it developed during the important years of market expansion during the last Chinese dynasty and to dispel some of the enduring myths about the Chinese merchant, his relationship to family, community, and the state, and the ideological constraints on his activities. To that end I examine several aspects of late imperial merchant culture, beginning with the everyday practices that allowed business to flourish in the Qing, turning next to the large social formations through which long-distance merchants in particular identified and pursued their interests, and ending with some preliminary thoughts on the impact of the laissez-faire policies of the last dynasty and their implications for post-Imperial China.

scholarly journals Inferring Mycobacterium bovis transmission between cattle and badgers using isolates from the Randomised Badger Culling Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. e1010075
Author(s):  
Andries J. van Tonder ◽  
Mark J. Thornton ◽  
Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽  
Keith A. Jolley ◽  
Lee Goolding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Cattle Movement ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
South West ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
South West England

Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) is a causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the global cattle industry. The Randomised Badger Culling Trial was a field experiment carried out between 1998 and 2005 in the South West of England. As part of this trial, M. bovis isolates were collected from contemporaneous and overlapping populations of badgers and cattle within ten defined trial areas. We combined whole genome sequences from 1,442 isolates with location and cattle movement data, identifying transmission clusters and inferred rates and routes of transmission of M. bovis. Most trial areas contained a single transmission cluster that had been established shortly before sampling, often contemporaneous with the expansion of bovine tuberculosis in the 1980s. The estimated rate of transmission from badger to cattle was approximately two times higher than from cattle to badger, and the rate of within-species transmission considerably exceeded these for both species. We identified long distance transmission events linked to cattle movement, recurrence of herd breakdown by infection within the same transmission clusters and superspreader events driven by cattle but not badgers. Overall, our data suggests that the transmission clusters in different parts of South West England that are still evident today were established by long-distance seeding events involving cattle movement, not by recrudescence from a long-established wildlife reservoir. Clusters are maintained primarily by within-species transmission, with less frequent spill-over both from badger to cattle and cattle to badger.

Obsidian and volcanic glass artifact evidence for long-distance voyaging to the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Mark D. McCoy ◽  
Caroline Cervera ◽  
Mara A. Mulrooney ◽  
Andrew McAlister ◽  
Patrick V. Kirch
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Settlement ◽  
Archaeological Artifacts ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometer ◽  
Linguistic Influences ◽  
Polynesian Languages ◽  
Material Evidence

AbstractReconstructing routes of ancient long-distance voyaging, long a topic of speculation, has become possible thanks to advances in the geochemical sourcing of archaeological artifacts. Of particular interest are islands classified as Polynesian Outliers, where people speak Polynesian languages and have distinctly Polynesian cultural traits, but are located within the Melanesian or Micronesian cultural areas. While the classification of these groups as Polynesian is not in dispute, the material evidence for the movement between Polynesia and the Polynesian Outliers is exceedingly rare, unconfirmed, and in most cases, nonexistent. We report on the first comprehensive sourcing (using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) of obsidian and volcanic glass artifacts recovered from excavations on the Polynesian Outlier island of Tikopia. We find evidence for: (1) initial settlement followed by continued voyages between Tikopia and an island Melanesian homeland; (2) long-distance voyaging becoming much less frequent and continuing to decline; and (3) later voyaging from Polynesia marked by imports of volcanic glass from Tonga beginning at 765 cal yr BP (±54 yr). Later long-distance voyages from Polynesia were surprisingly rare, given the strong cultural and linguistic influences of Polynesia, and we suggest, may indicate that Tikopia was targeted by Tongans for political expansion.

Research on Co-Evolutionary Genetic Algorithm of Long-Distance Gas Pipelines Optimal Model Economy

2011 ◽  
Vol 383-390 ◽  
pp. 7246-7250
Author(s):  
Li Gang Li ◽  
Yong Shou Dai ◽  
Ji Guang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pipeline Network ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Evolutionary Genetic ◽  
Different Parts

Based on the analysis of the current long-distance pipeline network running conditions, an economic optimal mathematical model of the gas transmission network including compressor station is used. The natural gas pipeline network is divided into different parts, and adopting the cooperation co-evolutionary genetic algorithm, the subpopulations are created. The fitness function is established by taking advantage of the punish function. The results of the simulation show that this approach has better convergence. It is an effective method to solve the optimization problem.

scholarly journals Macro-microscopic research in reideer (Rangifer tarandus) hoof suitable for efficient locomotion on complex grounds

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Yu Qiao ◽  
Qiaoli Ji ◽  
Songsong Ma ◽  
Jianqiao Li
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Stereo Microscope ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectroscope ◽  
Bone Structures ◽  
Micro Structures ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractIntroduction: Reindeer are adapted to long distance migration. This species can cope with variations in substrate, especially in ice and snow environment. However, few detailed studies about reindeer hoof are available. Thus this article describes the results of studies on macro- and micro-structures of reindeer hoof.Material and Methods: The gross anatomy of the reindeer hooves was examined. Stereo microscope (SM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to observe four key selected positions of reindeer hooves. Moreover, element contents of the three selected positions of reindeer hooves were analysed using the SEM equipped with energy dispersive spectroscope.Results: Hoof bone structures were similar to other artiodactyl animals. In the microscopic analysis, the surfaces of the ungula sphere and ungula sole presented irregular laminated structure. Ungula edge surfaces were smooth and ungula cusp surfaces had unique features. Aside from C, O, and N, reindeer hooves contained such elements as S, Si, Fe, Al, and Ca. The content of the elements in different parts varied. Ti was the particular element in the ungula sole, and ungula edge lacked Mg and S which other parts contained.Conclusion: The macro- and micro-structures of the reindeer hooves showed high performance of skid and abrasion resistance. It is most probably essential to the long distance migration for the animals.

scholarly journals Transmission of Han Pictorial Motifs into the Western Periphery

Asian Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-86
Author(s):  
Nataša Vampelj Suhadolnik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Funerary Art ◽  
Regional Pattern ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Unique Pattern ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Different Parts

This paper examines the ways in which Fuxi and Nüwa were depicted inside the mural tombs of the Wei-Jin dynasties along the Hexi Corridor as compared to their Han counterparts from the Central Plains. Pursuing typological, stylistic, and iconographic approaches, it investigates how the western periphery inherited the knowledge of the divine pair and further discusses the transition of the iconographic and stylistic design of both deities from the Han (206 BCE–220 CE) to the Wei and Western Jin dynasties (220–316). Furthermore, examining the origins of the migrants on the basis of historical records, it also attempts to discuss the possible regional connections and migration from different parts of the Chinese central territory to the western periphery. On the basis of these approaches, it reveals that the depiction of Fuxi and Nüwa in Gansu area was modelled on the Shandong regional pattern and further evolved into a unique pattern formed by an iconographic conglomeration of all attributes and other physical characteristics. Accordingly, the Shandong region style not only spread to surrounding areas in the central Chinese territory but even to the more remote border regions, where it became the model for funerary art motifs. Based on both approaches, it reveals that the depiction of Fuxi and Nüwa in Gansu area was modelled on the Shandong regional pattern and further evolved into a unique pattern of an iconographic conglomeration of all attributes and other physical characteristics. Accordingly, the Shandong region style not only spread to surrounding areas in the central Chinese territory but even to the more remote border regions, where it became the model for funerary art motifs.

scholarly journals О новом источнике «устной истории» бурят о паломничестве по Внутренней Азии в начале XX в.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1558-1567
Author(s):  
Sayana B. Namsaraeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Story ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Travel Writings ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
The Village

Introduction. Research on Buryat and Kalmyk pilgrimage to Buddhist worshiping sites in Tibet and wider in Inner Asia at the late imperial period mostly focuses on biographies and travel writings of Buddhist clergy, while experience of ordinary pilgrims ― especially of the lay people (Mong. khara khün) who were actors of this social phenomena ― received limited attention. However, some of the Buryat ‘oral histories’ about long distance travels to Tibet were recorded later by Buryat intellectuals (e. g., B. B. Baradiin) to name but a few. Goals. The article aims to introduce one such record made in 1968 by a rural community school teacher and amateur historian B. B. Namsaraev. Results. The latter wrote down a life story (Mong. namtar) of Bato Badmaev, an elder from the village of Suduntui, about his pilgrimage to Tibet between 1901 and 1904. This travelogue by a lay person presents unique first-hand observations about hardships of the long distance foot pilgrimage to worshiping places in Urga, Amdo and Tibet ― a wide social phenomenon among Buryats at the beginning of the 20th century. This ‘oral history’ together with extensive information about infrastructure along the pilgrim routes (Mongolian and Tibetan families hosting pilgrims and providing meals to them, travel tips they shared of how to pass the most dangerous hostile deserts and mountain passes, encountering a yeti snowman (Mong. almaz), etc.) contain emotional remarks about things experienced and bodily hardships pilgrims faced (thirst, physical exhaustion, extreme temperatures, and so on) ― aspects which are not covered in travelogues of Buddhist clergy and professional explorers (e. g., merchants, military specialists) who were in much more privileged travel conditions hiring horses and camels to carry their goods and belongings. Therefore, the recent publication (2012) of this unique travelogue made it more accessible and available to a wider audience.

scholarly journals Coarse-to-Fine Image Inpainting via Region-wise Convolutions and Non-Local Correlation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Ma ◽  
Xianglong Liu ◽  
Shihao Bai ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Dailan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Inpainting ◽  
Local Correlation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Convolution Filters ◽  
Realistic Images ◽  
Coarse To Fine

Recently deep neural networks have achieved promising performance for filling large missing regions in image inpainting tasks. They usually adopted the standard convolutional architecture over the corrupted image, where the same convolution filters try to restore the diverse information on both existing and missing regions, and meanwhile ignores the long-distance correlation among the regions. Only relying on the surrounding areas inevitably leads to meaningless contents and artifacts, such as color discrepancy and blur. To address these problems, we first propose region-wise convolutions to locally deal with the different types of regions, which can help exactly reconstruct existing regions and roughly infer the missing ones from existing regions at the same time. Then, a non-local operation is introduced to globally model the correlation among different regions, promising visual consistency between missing and existing regions. Finally, we integrate the region-wise convolutions and non-local correlation in a coarse-to-fine framework to restore semantically reasonable and visually realistic images. Extensive experiments on three widely-used datasets for image inpainting tasks have been conducted, and both qualitative and quantitative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches, especially for the large irregular missing regions.

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