scholarly journals Host Innate Immune Response and Viral Immune Evasion During Alphaherpesvirus Infection

2022 ◽  
pp. 635-686
Author(s):  
Krystal K. Lum ◽  
Ileana M. Cristea
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Viral Immune Evasion ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response

scholarly journals Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 2367-2392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey L. Smith ◽  
Camilla T. O. Benfield ◽  
Carlos Maluquer de Motes ◽  
Michela Mazzon ◽  
Stuart W. J. Ember ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response ◽  
New Hosts

Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In response, viruses have evolved many countermeasures that enable them to replicate and be transmitted to new hosts, despite the host innate immune response. Poxviruses, such as vaccinia virus (VACV), have large DNA genomes and encode many proteins that are dedicated to host immune evasion. Some of these proteins are secreted from the infected cell, where they bind and neutralize complement factors, interferons, cytokines and chemokines. Other VACV proteins function inside cells to inhibit apoptosis or signalling pathways that lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In this review, these VACV immunomodulatory proteins are described and the potential to create more immunogenic VACV strains by manipulation of the gene encoding these proteins is discussed.

scholarly journals Enterococcus faecalis Capsular Polysaccharide Serotypes C and D and Their Contributions to Host Innate Immune Evasion

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 5551-5557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance R. Thurlow ◽  
Vinai Chittezham Thomas ◽  
Sherry D. Fleming ◽  
Lynn E. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Evasion

ABSTRACT It has become increasingly difficult to treat infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis due to its high levels of intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance. However, few studies have explored the mechanisms that E. faecalis employs to circumvent the host innate immune response and establish infection. Capsular polysaccharides are important virulence factors that are associated with innate immune evasion. We demonstrate, using cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7), that capsule-producing E. faecalis strains of either serotype C or D are more resistant to complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis than unencapsulated strains. We show that differences in opsonophagocytosis are not due to variations in C3 deposition but are due to the ability of capsule to mask bound C3 from detection on the surface of E. faecalis. Similarly, E. faecalis capsule masks lipoteichoic acid from detection, which correlates with decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha production by cultured macrophages in the presence of encapsulated strains compared to that in the presence of unencapsulated strains. Our studies confirm the important role of the capsule as a virulence factor of E. faecalis and provide several mechanisms by which the presence of the capsule influences evasion of the innate immune response and suggest that the capsule could be a potential target for developing alternative therapies to treat E. faecalis infections.

scholarly journals Genetic basis of host innate immune response in mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Pawlik ◽  
Grażyna Sender ◽  
Rafał Starzyński ◽  
Agnieszka Korwin-Kossakowska
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Innate Immune Response
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